{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1790849084061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH 1R01AG070940-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH 1R01AG070940-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG021155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG021155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG027161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG027161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AG054059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG054059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH P50 AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P50 AG033514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH U54 HD090256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH U54 HD090256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Story recall (SR) tests have shown variable sensitivity to rate of cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) biomarkers. Although SR tasks are typically scored by obtaining a sum of items recalled, item-level analyses may provide additional sensitivity to change and AD processes. Here, we examined the difficulty and discrimination indices of each item from the Logical Memory (LM) SR task, and determined if these metrics differed by recall conditions, story version (A vs. B), lexical categories, serial position, and amyloid status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20091,141 participants from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Prevention longitudinal study who had item-level data were included in these analyses, as well as a subset of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009338 who also had amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. LM data were categorized into four lexical categories (proper names, verbs, numbers, and \u201cother\u201d), and by serial position (primacy, middle, and recency). We calculated difficulty and discriminability\/memorability by item, category, and serial position and ran separate repeated measures ANOVAs for each recall condition, lexical category, and serial position. For the subset with amyloid imaging, we used a two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test to examine whether amyloid positive (A\u03b2+) and amyloid negative (A\u03b2\u2212) groups differed in difficulty or discrimination for the same summary metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the larger sample, items were more difficult (less memorable) in the delayed recall condition across both story A and story B. Item discrimination was higher at delayed than immediate recall, and proper names had better discrimination than any of the other lexical categories or serial position groups. In the subsample with amyloid PET imaging, proper names were more difficult for A\u03b2+ than A\u03b2\u2212; items in the verb and \u201cother\u201d lexical categories and all serial positions from delayed recall were more discriminate for the A\u03b2+ group compared to the A\u03b2\u2212 group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides empirical evidence that both LM stories are effective at discriminating ability levels and amyloid status, and that individual items vary in difficulty and discrimination by amyloid status, while total scores do not. These results can be informative for the future development of sensitive tasks or composite scores for early detection of cognitive decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T06:14:37Z","timestamp":1656310477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Item-Level Story Recall Predictors of Amyloid-Beta in Late Middle-Aged Adults at Increased Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kimberly D.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianlian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobey","family":"Betthauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sterling","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Langhough","family":"Koscik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00594-6","article-title":"A computerized version of the short form of the face-name associative memory exam (FACEmemory\u00ae) for the early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Alegret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005303","article-title":"Resistance vs resilience to Alzheimer disease: clarifying terminology for preclinical studies","volume":"90","author":"Arenaza-Urquijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P139","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/44.5.P139","article-title":"Alzheimer patient evaluation and the mini-mental state: item characteristic curve analysis","volume":"44","author":"Ashford","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012919","article-title":"Semantic error patterns on the Boston naming test in normal aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: is there semantic disruption?","volume":"22","author":"Balthazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","article-title":"Revision of the brief visuospatial memory test: studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity","volume":"8","author":"Benedict","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref7","author":"Betthauser","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","article-title":"Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years","volume":"70","author":"Braak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610218000467","article-title":"The recency ratio as predictor of early MCI","volume":"30","author":"Bruno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12235","article-title":"Serial position effects in the logical memory test: loss of primacy predicts amyloid positivity","volume":"15","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1179721","article-title":"The recency ratio as an index of cognitive performance and decline in elderly individuals","volume":"38","author":"Bruno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acs116","article-title":"Decreased recall of primacy words predicts cognitive decline","volume":"28","author":"Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.01503004.x","article-title":"Cherry pit primes Brad Pitt: homophone priming effects on young and older adults\u2019 production of proper names","volume":"15","author":"Burke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90026-G","article-title":"On the tip of the tongue: what causes word finding failures in young and older adults?","volume":"30","author":"Burke","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(13)80024-x","article-title":"Different components in word-list forgetting of pure amnesics, degenerative demented and healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Carlesimo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00116-4","article-title":"Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer dementia","volume":"36","author":"Christensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw024","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in late middle age in the Wisconsin registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention study: prevalence and characteristics using robust and standard neuropsychological normative data","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.494","article-title":"Dominance statistics: ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions","volume":"114","author":"Cliff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219308258237","article-title":"Memory for proper names: a review","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1986.tb01010.x","article-title":"Memory for proper names: age differences in retrieval","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/09084282.2010.525098","article-title":"Nonverbal memory tasks in early differential diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and unipolar depression","volume":"17","author":"Contador","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory","author":"Crocker","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610206003425","article-title":"Alternate forms of logical memory and verbal fluency tasks for repeated testing in early cognitive changes","volume":"19","author":"Cunje","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.803","article-title":"The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline","volume":"71","author":"Donohue","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540210088017","article-title":"Discrimination between stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with subsets of mini-mental state examination items: an analysis of consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer\u2019s disease data","volume":"51","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2010.507185","article-title":"Reduced verbal fluency for proper names in nondemented patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a quantitative and qualitative analysis","volume":"33","author":"Fine","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Developing Drugs for Treatment: Guidance for Industry","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09781-x","article-title":"Modulation of proper name recall by transcranial direct current stimulation of the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"12","author":"Fresnoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.03.003","article-title":"The quick dementia rating system (QDRS): a rapid dementia staging tool","volume":"1","author":"Galvin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70335-7","article-title":"Assessment of neurological and behavioural function: the NIH toolbox","volume":"9","author":"Gershon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Assessment and Test Construction","volume-title":"Research Methods in Clinical Psychology","author":"Golden","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.278","article-title":"Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers\u2019 tip of the tongue equally often","volume":"19","author":"Gollan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Booklet","author":"Goodglass","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Item Response Theory","author":"Hambleton","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P180","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.3.P180","article-title":"Specific effects of aging on proper name retrieval: now you see them, now you don\u2019t","volume":"61","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(19)30368-0","article-title":"The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline","volume":"19","author":"Jessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.001","article-title":"A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Jessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.028","article-title":"Amyloid burden and neural function in people at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.11.007","article-title":"The Wisconsin registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention: A review of findings and current directions","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.11.006","article-title":"Measuring longitudinal cognition: individual tests versus composites","volume":"11","author":"Jonaitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12055","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12055","article-title":"Lower practice effects as a marker of cognitive performance and dementia risk: A literature review","volume":"12","author":"Jutten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000934","article-title":"Identifying sensitive measures of cognitive decline at different clinical stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Jutten","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306408101","article-title":"Two routes to emotional memory: distinct neural processes for valence and arousal","volume":"101","author":"Kensinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz025","article-title":"Entorhinal cortex tau, amyloid-\u03b2, cortical thickness and memory performance in non-demented subjects","volume":"142","author":"Knopman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12007","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12007","article-title":"Amyloid duration is associated with preclinical cognitive decline and tau PET","volume":"12","author":"Koscik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000929","article-title":"Longitudinal standards for mid-life cognitive performance: identifying abnormal within-person changes in the Wisconsin registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention","volume":"25","author":"Koscik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000355682","article-title":"Emergence of mild cognitive impairment in late middle-aged adults in the Wisconsin registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention","volume":"38","author":"Koscik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688478","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.688478","article-title":"Validity evidence for the research category, \u201ccognitively unimpaired\u2014declining,\u201d as a risk marker for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Langhough Koscik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.03.009","article-title":"Effect of parental family history of Alzheimer\u2019s disease on serial position profiles","volume":"4","author":"La Rue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000354359","article-title":"Confrontation naming errors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.7.2.317","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear effects of aging on categorizing and naming faces","volume":"7","author":"Maylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004870","article-title":"Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"9","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.2365","article-title":"Detecting cognitive changes in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of its feasibility","volume":"13","author":"Mortamais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.07.008","article-title":"Proper names from story recall are associated with beta-amyloid in cognitively unimpaired adults at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000615\/30)19:11\/12<1631::AID-SIM451>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Application of item response theory for development of a global functioning measure of dementia with linear measurement properties","volume":"19","author":"Mungas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.3.380","article-title":"Psychometrically matched measures of global cognition, memory, and executive function for assesment of cognitive decline in older persons","volume":"17","author":"Mungas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045106","article-title":"The serial position effect of free recall","volume":"64","author":"Murdock","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2014.911351","article-title":"Development of a psychometrically equivalent short form of the face\u2013name associative memory exam for use along the early Alzheimer\u2019s disease trajectory","volume":"28","author":"Papp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000246","article-title":"Biomarker validation of a decline in semantic processing in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Papp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.10.004","article-title":"Optimizing the preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s cognitive composite with semantic processing: The PACC5","volume":"3","author":"Papp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013176","article-title":"Cognitive resources, valence, and memory retrieval of emotional events in older adults","volume":"23","author":"Petrican","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"22","article-title":"Outcomes assessment in clinical trials of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its precursors: readying for short-term and long-term clinical trial needs","volume":"14","author":"Posner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.704945","article-title":"The Mini-Mental-37 test for dementia screening in the Spanish population: an analysis using the Rasch model","volume":"26","author":"Prieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107391","article-title":"Word retrieval across the biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer\u2019s disease syndromic spectrum","volume":"140","author":"Putcha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref008","author":"Romano","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.024","article-title":"Improved proper name recall by electrical stimulation of the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"48","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01464","article-title":"The face-name associative memory test as a tool for early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Rubi\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705281882","article-title":"Middle-aged children of persons with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: APOE genotypes and cognitive function in the Wisconsin registry for Alzheimer\u2019s prevention","volume":"18","author":"Sager","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1226267","article-title":"Item analyses of memory differences","volume":"39","author":"Salthouse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00897.x","article-title":"Emotional arousal enhances declarative memory in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Satler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A Handbook","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/650103","article-title":"Naming with proper names: the left temporal pole theory","volume":"24","author":"Semenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.158","article-title":"Assessing cognition and function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical trials: do we have the right tools?","volume":"10","author":"Snyder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.004","article-title":"Amyloid burden is associated with self-reported sleep in nondemented late middle-aged adults","volume":"36","author":"Sprecher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz013","article-title":"Predicting early mild cognitive impairment with free recall: the primacy of primacy","volume":"35","author":"Talamonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.4.821","article-title":"The influence of emotional valence on age differences in early processing and memory","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.06.1896","article-title":"The global Alzheimer\u2019s Association interactive network","volume":"12","author":"Toga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref007","article-title":"Package \u2018effsize\u2019","volume-title":"Package \u201cEffsize\u201d","author":"Torchiano","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00152-8","article-title":"Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: The effects of focal frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions","volume":"36","author":"Troyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Developing Drugs For Treatment, Guidelines for Industry","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005863","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline and risk of MCI: the Mayo Clinic study of aging","volume":"91","author":"van Harten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu010","article-title":"Analysis of verbal fluency ability in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of clustering, switching and semantic proximities","volume":"29","author":"Weakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.","author":"Wechsler","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9360-6","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of memory measures in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Weissberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref009","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test\u2013Revision 3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908651\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T06:14:49Z","timestamp":1656310489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908651\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"article-number":"908651"}}