{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:23:56Z","timestamp":1753892636700,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some people experience post-traumatic growth (PTG), entailing positive changes such as a greater appreciation of life following traumatic events. We examined PTG in the context of the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, notably working from home and social distancing. We aimed to assess whether distinct sub-groups (profiles) of individuals experiencing PTG could be identified by how they appraised and coped with the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>For this cross-sectional study, we used convenience sampling. In total, 951 participants from the general population completed an online questionnaire with items focusing on primary and secondary appraisal, positive reappraisal, rumination, and coping flexibility. For the latent profile analysis, we selected a sample of 392 individuals who had experienced moderate degrees of pandemic-related PTG, reporting at least two of the 10 positive changes in the PTG Inventory-Short Form.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified two distinct profiles among people experiencing PTG. The first was characterised by low levels of primary appraisal and stressfulness and higher levels of secondary appraisal (e.g., resilient group), increased coping flexibility and greater use of positive reappraisal. The second was characterised by higher levels of stressfulness and primary appraisal (e.g., stressed group) and greater use of rumination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two sub-groups evidently appraised and coped with the COVID-19 pandemic differently. Therefore, future research should account for these different profiles of people experiencing PTG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.969253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T05:51:56Z","timestamp":1664344316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sub-groups (profiles) of individuals experiencing post-traumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Blom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Sulkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy J.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya J.","family":"Schroevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelita V.","family":"Ranchor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0900-4","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth as a response to natural disasters in children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800903094273","article-title":"A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory","volume":"23","author":"Cann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4426","article-title":"Psychological and clinical correlates of posttraumatic growth in cancer: a systematic and critical review","volume":"26","author":"Casellas-Grau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098","article-title":"An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model","volume":"13","author":"Celeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320500286450","article-title":"Adjustment to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): roles of appraisal and post-traumatic growth","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"volume-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","year":"2016","author":"DeVellis","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1510900215","article-title":"Convenience sampling, random sampling, and snowball sampling: how does sampling affect the validity of research?","volume":"109","author":"Emerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Impair. Blind."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1836","article-title":"Stress, Coping, and Hope","volume":"19","author":"Folkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.6.1048","article-title":"Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault","volume":"69","author":"Frazier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00113-6","article-title":"Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems","volume":"30","author":"Garnefski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01162","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth following acquired brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Grace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.5.797","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth","volume":"74","author":"Helgeson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.1.36","article-title":"Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models","volume":"11","author":"Hipp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"30","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: three explanatory models","volume":"15","author":"Janoff-Bulman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1963","article-title":"Post\u2013traumatic growth as positive personality change: evidence, controversies and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Jayawickreme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0865-5","article-title":"The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups","volume":"49","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2772","article-title":"Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth among police officers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Leppma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Janus-face of self-perceived growth: toward a two-component model of posttraumatic growth","volume":"15","author":"Maercker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"442","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth after breast cancer: patient, partner, and couple perspectives","volume":"66","author":"Manne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000005","article-title":"Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes","volume":"7","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.53841\/bpscpr.2013.28.4.18","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth following bereavement: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Michael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176","article-title":"Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis","volume":"4","author":"Nylund-Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2019.1645449","article-title":"A sense of growth among teenagers after hurting others: a potential application of posttraumatic growth theory","volume":"25","author":"Seyburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024363","article-title":"Exploring posttraumatic growth in Japanese youth","volume":"4","author":"Taku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.11.1161","article-title":"Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation","volume":"38","author":"Taylor","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305","article-title":"The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma","volume":"9","author":"Tedeschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-020-00352-3","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth and stress-related responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a National Representative Sample: the role of positive Core beliefs about the world and others","volume":"22","author":"Vazquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1975-y","article-title":"The coping flexibility questionnaire: development and initial validation in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases","volume":"32","author":"Vriezekolk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.023","article-title":"The prevalence of moderate-to-high posttraumatic growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"243","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2019.1578360","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth experiences and its contextual factors in women with breast cancer: an integrative review","volume":"40","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176315","article-title":"Mental health and its predictors during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic experience in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.969253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T21:53:54Z","timestamp":1676930034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.969253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.969253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.969253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"article-number":"969253"}}