{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:10:26Z","timestamp":1777421426609,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The specificity of memory functioning in developmental dyslexia is well known and intensively studied. However, most research has been devoted to working memory, and many uncertain issues about episodic memory remain practically unexplored. Moreover, most studies have investigated memory in children and adolescents\u2014much less research has been conducted on adults. The presented study explored the specificity of context and target memory functioning for verbal and nonverbal stimuli in young adults with developmental dyslexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dual recollection theory, which distinguishes context recollection, target recollection, and familiarity as the processes underlying memory performance in the conjoint recognition paradigm, was adopted as the theoretical basis for the analysis of memory processes. The employed measurement model, a multinomial processing tree model, allowed us to assess the individual contributions of the basic memory processes to memory task performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research sample consisted of 82 young adults (41 with diagnosed dyslexia). The results showed significant differences in both verbal and nonverbal memory and context and target recollection between the dyslexic and the typically developing groups. These differences are not global; they only involve specific memory processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In line with previous studies using multinomial modeling, this shows that memory functioning in dyslexia cannot be characterized as a simple impairment but is a much more complex phenomenon that includes compensatory mechanisms. Implications of the findings and possible limitations are discussed, pointing to the need for further investigation of the relationship between context memory functioning and developmental dyslexia, taking into account the type of material being processed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:37:05Z","timestamp":1670218625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Context and target recollection for words and pictures in young adults with developmental dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Obidzi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Niezna\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1483","article-title":"Reasoning and dyslexia: is visual memory a compensatory resource?","volume":"20","author":"Bacon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2012.718789","article-title":"Visuospatial memory in dyslexia: evidence for strategic deficits","volume":"21","author":"Bacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Blau","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"25","article-title":"Kwestionariusz objaw\u00f3w dysleksji u doros\u0142ych Michalela Vinegrada [Michalel Vinegrad's adult dyslexia checklist]","volume-title":"Jak pom\u00f3c dziecku z dysortografi\u0105. Wyd. II How to help a child with dysorthography","author":"Bogdanowicz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.005","article-title":"Characteristics of cognitive deficits and writing skills of polish adults with developmental dyslexia","volume":"93","author":"Bogdanowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919","article-title":"Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Bowers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory: meta-analysis of conjoint recognition","volume-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn.","author":"Brainerd","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037668","article-title":"The two recollections","volume":"121","author":"Brainerd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000084","article-title":"Dual recollection in episodic memory","volume":"144","author":"Brainerd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(90)90003-M","article-title":"Gist is the grist: fuzzy-trace theory and the new intuitionism","volume":"10","author":"Brainerd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00192","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory","volume":"11","author":"Brainerd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.07.006","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory and lifespan cognitive development","volume":"38","author":"Brainerd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732218797143","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory, false memory, and the law","volume":"6","author":"Brainerd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Policy Insights Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018995","article-title":"Remembering in contradictory minds: disjunction fallacies in episodic memory","volume":"36","author":"Brainerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.1.160","article-title":"Conjoint recognition","volume":"106","author":"Brainerd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.4.762","article-title":"Recollection rejection: false-memory editing in children and adults","volume":"110","author":"Brainerd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.2.307","article-title":"Conjoint recognition and phantom recollection","volume":"27","author":"Brainerd","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.04.007","article-title":"Visuospatial superiority in developmental dyslexia: myth or reality?","volume":"20","author":"Brunswick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.18689\/mjns-1000105","article-title":"The importance of memory in reading processes","volume":"1","author":"Carreteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Madrid. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/11556-002","article-title":"A model-based storage-retrieval analysis of developmental dyslexia","volume-title":"Advances in Clinical Cognitive Science: Formal Modeling of Processes and Symptoms","author":"Chechile","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000559","article-title":"Explaining recollection without remembering","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0681","article-title":"Contextual cueing: implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention","volume":"36","author":"Chun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6","article-title":"Individual differences in working memory and reading","volume":"19","author":"Daneman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2015.1101119","article-title":"A stimulus set of words and pictures matched for visual and semantic similarity","volume":"28","author":"De Groot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2637","article-title":"Reading words and pseudowords: an eye movement study of developmental dyslexia","volume":"80","author":"De Luca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00159-5","article-title":"Spatial cognition in children. II. Visuospatial and constructional skills in developmental reading disability","volume":"22","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"ref600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1310261","article-title":"MultiPic: A standardized set of 750 drawings with norms for six European languages","volume":"71","author":"Du\u00f1abeitia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0061","article-title":"The visual deficit theory of developmental dyslexia","volume":"4","author":"Eden","year":"1996","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00016","article-title":"The abilities and disabilities associated with adult developmental dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Everatt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Res. Read."},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Language: The Cultural Tool.","author":"Everett","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2004.03.008","article-title":"The reading span test and its predictive power for reading comprehension ability","volume":"51","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1629","article-title":"Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? A cluster analysis with more than 300 cases","volume":"25","author":"Giofr\u00e8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0869-7","article-title":"TreeBUGS: an R package for hierarchical multinomial-processing-tree modeling","volume":"50","author":"Heck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.278","article-title":"Working memory: its role in dyslexia and other specific learning difficulties","volume":"10","author":"Jeffries","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.3.567","article-title":"Dyslexic and nondyslexic reading fluency: rapid automatized naming and the importance of continuous lists","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193403","article-title":"Reality monitoring and memory distortion: effects of negative, arousing content","volume":"34","author":"Kensinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/15.1.83","article-title":"Verbal memory impairments in dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-8026.2019v72n3p249","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: a condensed review of literature","volume":"72","author":"Kuerten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ilha do Desterro"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943","article-title":"Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia","volume":"88","author":"Livingstone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Dysleksja u os\u00f3b doros\u0142ych [Dyslexia in adults]","author":"\u0141ockiewicz","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5604\/17307503.1008244","article-title":"Memory impairments in adults with dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"\u0141ockiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2008.02.004","article-title":"Recognition memory: a review of the critical findings and an integrated theory for relating them","volume":"57","author":"Malmberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017335","article-title":"Art students who cannot draw: exploring the relations between drawing ability, visual memory, accuracy of copying, and dyslexia","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.410","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia and explicit long-term memory","volume":"16","author":"Menghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.549868","article-title":"Working memory impairment in children with developmental dyslexia: is it just a phonological deficity?","volume":"36","author":"Menghini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.320","article-title":"Verbatim and gist recall of sentences by dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults","volume":"12","author":"Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.42","article-title":"Multi tree: a computer program for the analysis of multinomial processing tree models","volume":"42","author":"Moshagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06157.x","article-title":"Individual differences in contextual facilitation: evidence from dyslexia and poor reading comprehension","volume":"69","author":"Nation","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2021.1973037","article-title":"Recollection of \u201ctrue\u201d feedback is better than \u201cfalse\u201d feedback independently of a priori beliefs: an investigation from the perspective of dual-recollection theory","volume":"29","author":"Niedzia\u0142kowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2013.819002","article-title":"Effects of resource demanding processing on context memory for context-related versus context-unrelated items","volume":"25","author":"Niezna\u0144ski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2020.103127","article-title":"Levels-of-processing effects on context and target recollection for words and pictures","volume":"209","author":"Niezna\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1655","article-title":"Response frequencies in the conjoint recognition memory task as predictors of developmental dyslexia diagnosis: a decision-trees approach","volume":"27","author":"Obidzi\u0144ski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-017-0146-6","article-title":"False memory for orthographically versus semantically similar words in adolescents with dyslexia: a fuzzy-trace theory perspective","volume":"67","author":"Obidzi\u0144ski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90032-7","article-title":"Picture superiority in free recall: imagery or dual coding?","volume":"5","author":"Paivio","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03331011","article-title":"Why are pictures easier to recall than words?","volume":"11","author":"Paivio","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychon. Sci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00205-x","article-title":"Reading and reading-related skills in adults with dyslexia from different orthographic systems: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref60","author":"Revelle","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002291","article-title":"A new intuitionism: meaning, memory, and development in fuzzy-trace theory","volume":"7","author":"Reyna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Judgm. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2015.12.003","article-title":"How fuzzy-trace theory predicts true and false memories for words, sentences, and narratives","volume":"5","author":"Reyna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(07)48002-1","article-title":"Response bias in recognition memory","volume":"48","author":"Rotello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"233","article-title":"Priming and multiple memory systems: perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory","volume-title":"Memory Systems","author":"Schacter","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(67)80067-7","article-title":"Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures","volume":"6","author":"Shepard","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.800553","article-title":"Effects of similarity on environmental context cueing","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210601043384","article-title":"Working memory functioning in developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Smith-Spark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440340000024","article-title":"Investigating the central executive in adult dyslexics: evidence from phonological and visuospatial working memory performance","volume":"15","author":"Smith-Spark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-3588.00201","article-title":"Dyslexia as a phonological deficit: evidence and implications","volume":"3","author":"Snowling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Psychol. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780198818304.001.0001","volume-title":"Dyslexia: A Very Short Introduction.","author":"Snowling","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749408401101","article-title":"Word recognition in developmental dyslexia: a connectionist interpretation","volume":"47","author":"Snowling","year":"1994","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.34.3.570","article-title":"A simplified conjoint recognition paradigm for the measurement of gist and verbatim memory","volume":"34","author":"Stahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2008.08.001","article-title":"Measuring phantom recollection in the simplified conjoint recognition paradigm","volume":"60","author":"Stahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8020026","article-title":"What is developmental dyslexia?","volume":"8","author":"Stein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.022","article-title":"The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia","volume":"130","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70701","DOI":"10.5812\/zjrms.70701","article-title":"Comparison of working and visual memory in children with and without dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Talepasand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zahed. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.001","article-title":"Reading words and pseudowords in dyslexia: ERP and behavioural tests in English-speaking adolescents","volume":"74","author":"Taroyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000357","article-title":"Auditory short-term memory trace formation for nonspeech and speech in SLI and dyslexia as indexed by the N100 and mismatch negativity electrophysiological responses","volume":"26","author":"Tuomainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00120","article-title":"Executive functions in developmental dyslexia","volume":"8","author":"Varvara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.47.3.u117j10167686115","article-title":"Alternative conceptualizations of dyslexia: evidence in support of a verbal-deficit hypothesis","volume":"47","author":"Vellutino","year":"1977","journal-title":"Harv. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and Research.","author":"Vellutino","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","article-title":"Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?","volume":"45","author":"Vellutino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref83","author":"Vinegrad","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref84","author":"Voss","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01264.x","article-title":"Assessing dyslexia in higher education: the York adult assessment battery-revised","volume":"13","author":"Warmington","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Spec. Educ. Needs"},{"key":"ref86","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2002.2864","article-title":"The nature of recollection and familiarity: a review of 30 years of research","volume":"46","author":"Yonelinas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993384\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T21:13:36Z","timestamp":1678914816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993384\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"article-number":"993384"}}