{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1793317746035,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of behavioral problems among preschool children is remarkably increasing in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study aimed to investigate the association between media exposure and behavioral problems among preschool children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This survey study recruited 560 children from 10 nurseries selected randomly, located in El-Mansoura, Egypt. Tools included socio-demographic characteristics the Media Exposure Questionnaire and the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS-48).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were exposed to media for an average of 105.84\u2009min per day and displayed moderate levels in all subscales of CBRS-48. The duration of media exposure was significantly correlated to the hyperactivity index, learning problems, hyperactivity\/impulsivity, conduct problem, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.372, 0.356, 0.323, 0.306, 0.298, 0.291, and 0.255, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The duration of media exposure was significantly correlated to the subscales of CBRS-48.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implication for nursing practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preschool children should be engaged in concrete activities and social interactions that may lessen negative media effects such as hyperactivity, learning problems, hyperactivity\/impulsivity, conduct problem, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1080550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T21:26:42Z","timestamp":1689974802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Association between media exposure and behavioral problems among preschool children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Zoromba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"El-Gazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda Ahmed","family":"Abd El Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Conner\u2019s\u2019 rating scales: Conner\u2019s\u2019 teacher rating scales and Conner\u2019s\u2019 parent rating scales (Arabic version)","author":"Al-Behairy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.423","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics: children, adolescents, and television","volume":"107","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: The effects of content and context on learning and development","author":"Barr","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/sop2.3","article-title":"Digital games as a context for Children\u2019s cognitive development: research recommendations and policy considerations","volume":"32","author":"Blumberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Policy Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0508-7","article-title":"Media devices in pre-school children","volume":"44","author":"Bozzola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20162593","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2593","article-title":"Children and adolescents and digital media","volume":"138","author":"Chassiakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711548115","article-title":"How early media exposure may affect cognitive function: a review of results from observations in humans and experiments in mice","volume":"115","author":"Christakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2011.550844","article-title":"Social outcomes associated with media viewing habits of low-income preschool children","volume":"22","author":"Conners-Burrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106762","article-title":"Tantrums, toddlers and technology: temperament, media emotion regulation, and problematic media use in early childhood","volume":"120","author":"Coyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2021.1896465","article-title":"Violent media use and aggression: two longitudinal network studies","volume":"161","author":"Delhove","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.217","article-title":"Interactional theory of childhood problematic media use","volume":"2","author":"Domoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000163","article-title":"Development and validation of the problematic media use measure: a parent report measure of screen media \u2018addiction\u2019 in children","volume":"8","author":"Domoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Pop Media Cult."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2021.101542","article-title":"Media exposure and language for toddlers from low-income homes","volume":"63","author":"Dynia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e866","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13652","article-title":"Children\u2019s screen and problematic media use in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"92","author":"Eales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103059","article-title":"Media exposure, risk perceptions, and fear: Americans\u2019 behavioral responses to the Ebola public health crisis","volume":"77","author":"Garfin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.1","article-title":"Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood","volume":"19","author":"Gilmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Children\u2019s technology time in two US cohorts","volume":"13","author":"Goode","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.923370","article-title":"Effects of screen exposure on young children\u2019s cognitive development: a review","volume":"13","author":"Guellai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107572","article-title":"Screen media exposure and behavioral adjustment in early childhood during and after COVID-19 home lockdown periods","volume":"140","author":"Gueron-Sela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248811","article-title":"Psychosocial effects of social media on the Saudi society during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.94","article-title":"Early childhood electronic media use as a predictor of poorer well-being: a prospective cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Hinkley","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA pediatrics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-021-00197-4","article-title":"Relation between exposure to different multimedia programs and presentation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"38","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Otolaryngology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0734016817710696","article-title":"Framing and cultivating the story of crime: the effects of media use, victimization, and social networks on attitudes about crime","volume":"43","author":"Kort-Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.15804\/tner.2016.45.3.20","article-title":"Factors increasing media exposure of preschool children","volume":"45","author":"Kova\u010di\u010d","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3573","article-title":"Children\u2019s television exposure and behavioral and social outcomes at 5.5 years: does timing of exposure matter?","volume":"120","author":"Mistry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590279","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.590279","article-title":"Are emotional and behavioral problems of infants and children aged younger than 7 years related to screen time exposure during the coronavirus disease 2019 confinement? An exploratory study in Portugal","volume":"12","author":"Monteiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.12.014","article-title":"The association between electronic media and emotional and behavioral problems in late childhood","volume":"17","author":"Mundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000560","article-title":"Media exposure in low-income preschool-aged children is associated with multiple measures of self-regulatory behavior","volume":"39","author":"Munzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037318","article-title":"Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Nikkelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.105","article-title":"Early childhood television viewing and kindergarten entry readiness","volume":"74","author":"Pagani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301508","article-title":"Do television and electronic games predict children\u2019s psychosocial adjustment? Longitudinal research using the UK millennium cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Parkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1172","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2367","article-title":"Infant self-regulation and early childhood media exposure","volume":"133","author":"Radesky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758K","article-title":"Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents","volume":"140","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-9-34","article-title":"Television viewing in Thai infants and toddlers: impacts to language development and parental perceptions","volume":"9","author":"Ruangdaraganon","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000501","article-title":"Parenting to reduce child screen time: a feasibility pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatri."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-019-00148-9","article-title":"Understanding links between social media use, sleep and mental health: recent progress and current challenges","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Sleep Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1","article-title":"A consensus-based checklist for reporting of survey studies (CROSS)","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/17482798.2017.1365737","article-title":"Investigating the association between children\u2019s screen media exposure and vocabulary size in the UK","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child. Media"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2006.10.005","article-title":"Is exposure to media intended for preschool children associated with less parent-child shared reading aloud and teaching activities?","volume":"7","author":"Tomopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref1002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4490166","article-title":"Screen Media Exposure in Early Childhood and Its Relation to Children\u2019s Self-Regulation","volume-title":"Human Behav. Emerging Technol.","author":"Uzunda\u011f","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764209331539","article-title":"Measuring children\u2019s media use in the digital age: issues and challenges","volume":"52","author":"Vandewater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","author":"Waters","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-0776-x","article-title":"Digital screen time and its effect on preschoolers\u2019 behavior in China: results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x","article-title":"Sensitive periods","volume":"76","author":"Zeanah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3322","article-title":"Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems","volume":"120","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1080550\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T21:26:53Z","timestamp":1689974813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1080550\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1080550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1080550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"article-number":"1080550"}}