{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:26:58Z","timestamp":1787027218552,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Investigating second language acquisition (SLA)\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    a complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) involves much intuition, and operationalizing the dynamic constructs is hard in research terms. In the present study, we contend that the commonly used quantitative data analysis methods such as correlational works or structural equation modeling fail to examine variables as part of a system or network. They are mostly based on linear rather than non-linear associations. Considering the major challenges of dynamic systems research in SLA, we recommend that innovative analytical models such as retrodictive qualitative modeling (RQM) be used more. RQM manages to reverse the usual direction of research by actually beginning from the end. More especially from certain outcomes and then moves backward to find why specific elements of the system led to one outcome rather than the others. The analytical procedures of RQM will be elaborated on and also exemplified in the SLA research, more specifically for investigating language learners\u2019 affective variables. The limited body of research using RQM in the SLA domain is also reviewed followed by some conclusive remarks and suggestions for further research into the variables of interest.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1081502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T01:57:39Z","timestamp":1676858259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An introduction to retrodictive qualitative modeling as an emerging method on affective variables in SLA research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yulan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Human agency: Does the beach ball have free will?","author":"Al-Hoorie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Motivational dynamics in language learning"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249413.n6","article-title":"Complex realists and configurational approaches to cases: A radical synthesis","author":"Byrne","year":"2009","journal-title":"The SAGE handbook of case-based methods"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9187-1_4","article-title":"Comparison, diversity and complexity","author":"Byrne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Complexity, difference, and identity"},{"key":"B4","author":"Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applying social science."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389013495617","article-title":"Evaluating complex social interventions in a complex world.","volume":"19","author":"Byrne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"key":"B6","author":"Byrne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complexity theory and the social sciences: The state of the art."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783092574-018","article-title":"16. 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