{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:29:40Z","timestamp":1781332180374,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 MH096628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 MH096628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 MH080663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 MH080663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25 MH083635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 MH083635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006418","name":"Brown University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing comorbidities contributing to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH) remains imperative. Prior studies utilizing reaction time intra-individual variability (RT-IIV), a robust behavioral marker of cognitive dysfunction, demonstrate increased cognitive impairment in adults living with HIV who have high early life stress (ELS) exposure relative to those with low-ELS exposure. Yet, it is unknown whether RT-IIV elevations are due to high-ELS alone or both HIV-status and high-ELS. In the current study, we explore the potential additive effects of HIV and high-ELS exposure on RT-IIV to better characterize the independent and combined effects of these factors on RT-IIV among PLWH. We assessed 59 PLWH and 69 HIV-negative healthy control (HC) participants with either low or high ELS on RT-IIV during a working memory task (1-back). We observed a significant interaction between HIV status and ELS exposure on RT-IIV, PLWH who had experienced high ELS demonstrating RT-IIV elevations relative to all other groups. In addition, RT-IIV was significantly associated with ELS exposure in PLWH, but not in the HC group. We also observed associations between RT-IIV and measures of HIV-disease severity (plasma HIV viral load, nadir CD4) among PLWH. Taken as a whole, these findings provide novel evidence of the combined effects of HIV and high-ELS exposure on RT-IIV, and thus suggest HIV-related and ELS-related neural abnormalities may act in an additive or synergistic manner to affect cognition. Such data warrant further investigation into the neurobiological mechanisms associated with HIV and high-ELS exposure that contribute to increased neurocognitive dysfunction among PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:54:16Z","timestamp":1681710856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic effects of high early-life stress exposure and HIV infection on reaction time variability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jordan P.","family":"Sergio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Retina","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Palmero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachal R.","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel A.","family":"de Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uraina S.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.01.003","article-title":"Inattention and reaction time variability are linked to ventromedial prefrontal volume in adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Albaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. 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