{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1770291678574,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies have identified ultra-high-risk criteria that may characterize an at-risk mental state and predict the transition of psychotic evolution. Personality traits may play a crucial role in this process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study aims to: (a) explore the evolution of an initial diagnosis over 12\u2009months; (b) assess differences in social and occupational functioning; (c) identify common (trans-diagnostic) personality traits of psychotic risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample includes 97 (44 males and 53 females) young adults. They completed an assessment that consists of socio-demographic data, the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale, the Early Recognition Inventory-retrospective assessment onset of schizophrenia, and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). According to the tests\u2019 assessment, the sample was divided into three different groups: Ultra-High Risk (UHR), At-Risk, and Not at risk. One year after the first evaluation, psychiatrists administered the QuickSCID-5 to verify the diagnostic trajectories of the sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the most prevalent category diagnoses were anxiety\/depression, personality disorders, and psychosis. Specifically, the most common diagnosis in the UHR group was psychosis. Moreover, in the UHR group, the social and occupational functioning score was the lowest. In terms of differences in PID-5 personality traits, the At-risk and UHR groups scored highest in detachment and disinhibition. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for negative affectivity, antagonism, and psychoticism traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results obtained by the current study should be considered an attempt to better understand the diagnostic trajectories and trans-diagnostic personality traits in a group of young help-seekers, specifically in UHR. Findings highlight both the importance of diagnosis and personality traits evaluation to customize a specific intervention based on the level of psychotic risk. Clinical suggestions are reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T09:46:34Z","timestamp":1674121594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Personality traits and transition to psychosis one year after the first assessment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Salve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Cavalera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Malvini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Percudani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osmano","family":"Oasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.09.028","article-title":"Prevalence of non-psychotic disorders in ultra-high risk individuals and transition to psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"270","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117693922","article-title":"The relationship between the personality inventory for the DSM -5 (PID-5) and the psychotic disorder in a clinical sample","volume":"26","author":"Bastiaens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1349","article-title":"Establishing the onset of psychotic illness","volume":"150","author":"Beiser","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562835","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.562835","article-title":"Personality traits and disorders in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: toward a clinically meaningful diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Boldrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00429","article-title":"Comorbid personality disorders in individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis: a meta-analytic review","volume":"10","author":"Boldrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1909","article-title":"Prediction of functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis","volume":"70","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511759031.010","article-title":"Fully and quasi-dimensional","volume":"192","author":"Claridge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizotyp. Pers."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12560","article-title":"Exploring functional impairment in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Cotter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S396","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu176","article-title":"Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of Schizotypy","volume":"41","author":"Debban\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.004","article-title":"Maladaptive personality traits in patients identified at lower-risk and higher-risk for psychosis","volume":"268","author":"Drvaric","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113504984","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults","volume":"20","author":"Fossati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0928-7","article-title":"Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review","volume":"49","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.12.013","article-title":"Personality features in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a comparative study with schizophrenia and control subjects using the temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R)","volume":"61","author":"Fres\u00e1n","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw158","article-title":"The clinical high-risk state for psychosis (CHR-P), version II","volume":"43","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2324","article-title":"Heterogeneity of psychosis risk within individuals at clinical high risk: a meta-analytical stratification","volume":"73","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs136","article-title":"Comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders in 509 individuals with an at-risk mental state: impact on psychopathology and transition to psychosis","volume":"40","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700026398","article-title":"Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"H\u00e4fner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.10.016","article-title":"The prognostic significance of attenuated psychotic symptoms in help-seeking youth","volume":"215","author":"Hazan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09552","article-title":"Rethinking schizophrenia","volume":"468","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573905","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.573905","article-title":"Early detection of ultra high risk for psychosis in a Norwegian catchment area: the two year follow-up of the prevention of psychosis study","volume":"12","author":"Joa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.02.003","article-title":"A developmentally-stable pattern of premorbid schizoid-schizotypal features predicts psychotic transition from the clinical high-risk for psychosis state","volume":"90","author":"Kotlicka-Antczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.014","article-title":"The effect of childhood adversity on 4-year outcome in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis in the Dutch early detection intervention evaluation (EDIE-NL) trial","volume":"247","author":"Kraan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","article-title":"Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5","volume":"42","author":"Krueger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796012000388","article-title":"\u2018At-risk\u2019 for psychosis research: where are we heading?","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1183","article-title":"Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Loebel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1448","article-title":"Personality traits across the psychosis spectrum: a hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology conceptualization of clinical symptomatology","volume":"14","author":"Longenecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12305","article-title":"The early recognition inventory ERIraos assesses the entire spectrum of symptoms through the course of an at-risk mental state","volume":"12","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400709","article-title":"Comorbidity of Axis I and II mental disorders with schizophrenia and psychotic disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"54","author":"McMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57010033","article-title":"The relationship between PID-5 personality traits and mental states. A study on a Group of Young Adults at risk of psychotic onset","volume":"57","author":"Meliante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Meneghelli","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101004323.x","article-title":"Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV social and occupational functioning assessment scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social funtioning","volume":"101","author":"Morosini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.31920\/2075-6534\/2018\/v8n2a5","article-title":"Time management challenges on students\u2019 academic performance: a case study of a rural university in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Mukwevho","year":"2018","journal-title":"AFFRIKA J. Polit.Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.03.005","article-title":"Schizophrenia: a developmental disorder with a risk of non-specific but avoidable decline","volume":"243","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000365291","article-title":"Attenuated psychosis syndrome: don't jump the gun","volume":"47","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/17522439.2020.1742200","article-title":"Improving treatments for psychotic disorders: beyond cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz039","article-title":"What causes the onset of psychosis in individuals at clinical high risk? A meta-analysis of risk and protective factors","volume":"46","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12086","article-title":"Self-awareness of functional impairment in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis","volume":"9","author":"Olvet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900021635","article-title":"Social anxiety and premorbid personality disorders in paranoid schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine","volume":"5","author":"Pallanti","year":"2000","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2678","article-title":"Individual psychotherapy can reduce suicidal ideation in first episode psychosis: further findings from the 2-year follow-up of the \u2018Parma early psychosis\u2019 programme","volume":"29","author":"Pelizza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychoth."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20490","article-title":"What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors","volume":"17","author":"Radua","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12236","article-title":"Borderline personality pathology in young people at ultra high risk of developing a psychotic disorder","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.027","article-title":"Clinically significant personality traits in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis","volume":"261","author":"Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00648","article-title":"The relationship between big five personality traits and psychotic experience in a large non-clinical youth sample: the mediating role of emotion regulation","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in substance users: a comparison across substances","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2020_34_511","article-title":"The inter-rater reliability and validity of the Italian translation of the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders module I and module II: a preliminary report on consecutively admitted psychotherapy outpatients","volume":"34","author":"Somma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.006","article-title":"Functional development in clinical high risk youth: prediction of schizophrenia versus other psychotic disorders","volume":"215","author":"Tarbox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2014_28_170","article-title":"The relationship between psychopathology and a hierarchical model of Normal personality traits: evidence from a psychiatric patient sample","volume":"29","author":"Uliaszek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12687","article-title":"Ultrahigh risk for developing psychosis and psychotic personality organization","volume":"13","author":"van der Gaag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20423","article-title":"A critique of the \u201cultra-high risk\u201d and \u201ctransition\u201d paradigm","volume":"16","author":"van Os","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.075036","article-title":"Disability in people clinically at high risk of psychosis","volume":"197","author":"Velthorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.29245\/2578-2959\/2018\/4.1152","article-title":"Concept and results of the German research network on schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"W\u00f6lwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mental Health Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp027","article-title":"Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: findings from the north American Prodrome longitudinal study","volume":"35","author":"Woods","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref1001","first-page":"2191","article-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume-title":"Jama","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500135X","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and transition to psychotic disorder independently predict long-term functioning in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis","volume":"45","author":"Yung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/22.2.353","article-title":"The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations","volume":"22","author":"Yung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.10.019","article-title":"Persistent negative symptoms in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis","volume":"206","author":"Yung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00167-6","article-title":"Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (\u201cprodromal\u201d) group","volume":"60","author":"Yung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00192-0","article-title":"Risk factors for psychosis in an ultra high-risk group: psychopathology and clinical features","volume":"67","author":"Yung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm015","article-title":"Declining transition rate in ultra high risk (prodromal) services: dilution or reduction of risk?","volume":"33","author":"Yung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref60","author":"Yung","year":"2005"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1170989","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096626\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T10:23:55Z","timestamp":1684405435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096626\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1096626","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1170989","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"article-number":"1096626"}}