{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:59:28Z","timestamp":1788458368792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present paper was to study the various common mental disorders in a sample of Kathak dancers and non-dancers of North India. 206 female Kathak dancers and 235 healthy controls, aged 18\u201345 years completed questionnaires assessing perceived stress (PSS-10), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and generalized anxiety (GAD-7). Pearson correlations assessed the association between perceived stress, depression, generalized anxiety, age, and years of dancing, and binary logistic regression identified the risk of developing depression and generalized anxiety disorder in Kathak dancers and non-dancers. The prevalence of perceived stress was similar among Kathak dancers and non-dancers. Kathak dancers reported significantly lower depressive symptoms compared to controls. Non-dancers with elevated perceived stress levels were 4 times more likely to report depressive symptoms and 7 times more likely to report anxiety symptoms, relative to dancers. The adjusted odds of reporting depressive symptoms along with generalized anxiety were higher among non-dancers compared to dancers. Kathak can be developed into a very effective psychotherapeutic tool for mitigating the risk of developing depression and generalized anxiety disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1114377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T04:26:07Z","timestamp":1682569567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Self-reported perceived stress, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder among Kathak dancers and physically active non-dancers of North India"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Kulshreshtha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kallur Nava","family":"Saraswathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Chandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"651","article-title":"The effect of dance over depression","volume":"35","author":"Akandere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref2","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027250","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027250","article-title":"Prevalence and socioeconomic impact of depressive disorders in India: multisite population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Arvind","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0475-0","article-title":"Efficacy of low-intensity psychological intervention applied by ICTs for the treatment of depression in primary care: a controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.130260","article-title":"A study on mental disorders: 5-year retrospective study","volume":"3","author":"Celine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"75","article-title":"The therapeutic value of Indian classical, folk and innovative dance forms","volume":"5","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rupkatha J. Interdiscip. Stud. Human."},{"key":"ref004","first-page":"461","article-title":"Effect of Kathak Dancing on Body Composition in Adult Bengalee Occupationally Engaged Women of Kolkata","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ergonomics for Rural Development"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceived stress scale","author":"Cohen","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.042","article-title":"Why are anxiety and depressive symptoms comorbid in youth? A multi-wave, longitudinal examination of competing etiological models","volume":"161","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.277","article-title":"Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate major depression?","volume":"71","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Dance of change: At a time when there\u2019s huge demand for Western dance, Indian classical forms still going strong","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Stress & dance HON499 projects","author":"Franco","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700219","article-title":"Personality, stress, and injuries in professional ballet dancers","volume":"17","author":"Hamilton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"97","article-title":"Dancing to resist, reduce, and escape stress","volume-title":"The oxford handbook of dance and wellbeing","author":"Hanna","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.02.008","article-title":"Depression in Danish and Swedish elite football players and its relation to perfectionism and anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030305","article-title":"The critical relationship between anxiety and depression","volume":"177","author":"Kalin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-020-01761-x","article-title":"Greek traditional dance as a practice for managing stress and anxiety in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Karathanou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Educ."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00936","article-title":"Effectiveness of dance movement therapy in the treatment of adults with depression: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Karkou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.04.001","article-title":"Investigating the acute effect of an aerobic dance exercise program on neuro-cognitive function in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1089313X9900300203","article-title":"Injury, stress, and perfectionism in young dancers and gymnasts","volume":"3","author":"Krasnow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dance Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23425","article-title":"Disordered eating attitudes and body shape concerns among north Indian Kathak dancers","volume":"54","author":"Kulshreshtha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101440","article-title":"Conscious dance: perceived benefits and psychological well-being of participants","volume":"44","author":"Laird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1317904","article-title":"Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31365-X","article-title":"Physiologic profiles of female professional ballerinas","volume":"3","author":"Micheli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Dance","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","article-title":"Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the world health surveys","volume":"370","author":"Moussavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Depression: The treatment and management of depression in adults","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_528_18","article-title":"Perceived stress and its epidemiological and behavioral correlates in an urban area of Delhi, India: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Pangtey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2012.07.003","article-title":"Argentine tango dance compared to mindfulness meditation and a waiting-list control: a randomised trial for treating depression","volume":"20","author":"Pinniger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102018","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders among elite Canadian athletes","volume":"57","author":"Poucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Dance science research report: the effects of an eight-week creative dance Programme on the physiological and psychological status of 11\u201314 year old adolescents: an experimental study","author":"Quin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1386\/dmas.1.1.105_1","article-title":"Dancer\u2013dance\u2013spirituality: a phenomenological exploration of Bharatha Natyam and contact improvisation","volume":"1","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dance Move. Spirituali."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101467","article-title":"The effect of dancing interventions on depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress in adults without musculoskeletal disorders: an integrative review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Salihu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.30877\/IJMH.3.4.2016.419-425","article-title":"The relationship between self efficacy, hardiness and perceived stress amongst professional dancers","volume":"3","author":"Shinde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1233-7","article-title":"Health related quality of life and its correlates among people with depression attending outpatient department in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Shumye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-724","article-title":"Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use and behavioral addictions: a cross-sectional study among university students in France, 2009\u20132011","volume":"13","author":"Tavolacci","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref002","first-page":"16","article-title":"Ballet and stress. A pilot study. Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita","volume":"27","author":"Tomei","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"7712","article-title":"Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management","volume":"63","author":"Wittchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Depression","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"231","article-title":"Assessing eating disorder and stress amongst dancers: case study in Malaysia","volume":"2","author":"Zulaikha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Innov. Soc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1114377\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T15:17:55Z","timestamp":1702307875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1114377\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1114377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1114377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"article-number":"1114377"}}