{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:55:02Z","timestamp":1787313302431,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are many different articles about COVID-19 pandemic period and its influence on people and their behavior. Nevertheless, there is little research on the slightly later period of the pandemic, that is, the time when specific adaptation mechanisms in society should start to take place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research was conducted by means of an online survey. Four hundred and eighty five adults participated, including 349 (71.96%) women and 136 (28.04%) men. The Buss-Perry aggression scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale were used. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 13.3 software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the study population, positive correlations were noted between anxiety and generalized aggression, anger, hostility, physical and psychological aggression. In the female group, anxiety correlates positively with generalized aggression, anger, hostility, verbal and physical aggression. Among male subjects, anxiety correlates positively with aggression, anger, and hostility. Alcohol consumption has a significant association with verbal aggression. Statistically, more women experience anxiety, more men have inflated scores on the AUDIT scale and on verbal and physical aggression. Younger people are more likely than older people to experience anxiety and have inflated scores on hostility. Those with secondary education scored significantly higher on the GAD-7 scale and the aggression scale (and all subscales except anger) compared to respondents with higher education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a result of adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety is no longer a factor in increased evels of alcohol consumption. The pandemic has not affected differences in alcohol consumption between men and women. The presence of a positive correlation between anxiety and aggression and the sociodemographic structure of those characterized by increased aggression are also unchanged. Anxiety directly influences aggressive behavior in a relatively strong way. Appropriate health-promoting measures should be implemented to protect the public from the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1126471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:01:00Z","timestamp":1684976460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How COVID-19 pandemic period influences on the selected mental health parameters of Polish respondents?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Szymon","family":"Florek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Piegza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"D\u0119bski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Gorczyca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pudlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.193","article-title":"COVID-19 and SARS-Cov-2 infection: pathophysiology and clinical effects on the nervous system","volume":"140","author":"Abboud","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01092-2","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's mental health","volume":"23","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01102-5","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system manifestations associated with COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Andalib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231","article-title":"Human aggression","volume":"53","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"83","article-title":"Females are more anxious than males: a metacognitive perspective","volume":"5","author":"Bahrami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.019","article-title":"Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study","volume":"66","author":"Bjelland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269855","article-title":"Covid and mental health in America","volume":"17","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47141-8_13","article-title":"Effects of alcohol on human aggression. Validity of proposed explanations","volume":"13","author":"Bushman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Recent Dev. Alcohol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.63.3.452","article-title":"The aggression questionnaire","volume":"63","author":"Buss","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2021-0046","article-title":"An overview of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnosis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1479-6","article-title":"Association between anxiety and aggression in adolescents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22372","article-title":"The role of emotion-driven impulse control difficulties in the relation between social anxiety and aggression","volume":"73","author":"Dixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090959","article-title":"Relationship between the severity of anxiety symptoms, aggression and alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic period","volume":"57","author":"Florek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127081","article-title":"The influence of sociodemographic factors on symptoms of anxiety, the level of aggression and alcohol consumption in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic among polish respondents","volume":"19","author":"Florek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Psychiatria","author":"Ga\u0142ecki","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2002.63.64","article-title":"The effects of alcohol and provocation on aggressive behavior in men and women","volume":"63","author":"Giancola","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016385","article-title":"Men and women, alcohol and aggression","volume":"17","author":"Giancola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.008","article-title":"The central amygdala as an integrative hub for anxiety and alcohol use disorders","volume":"77","author":"Gilpin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414001175","article-title":"The role of anxiety in the development, maintenance, and treatment of childhood aggression","volume":"26","author":"Granic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249189","article-title":"Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of US adults","volume":"17","author":"Grossman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511431438","article-title":"Social anxiety as a predictor of dating aggression","volume":"27","author":"Hanby","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/120373","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health","volume":"54","author":"Heitzman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052470","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on mental Health in adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799001452","article-title":"Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span","volume":"30","author":"Jorm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050944","article-title":"The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the well-being of polish students: the risk factors of the emotional distress during COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"10","author":"Juchnowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13446","article-title":"Changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"41","author":"Kilian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.06.001","article-title":"Intoxicated aggression: do alcohol and stimulants cause dose-related aggression? A review","volume":"30","author":"Kuypers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10039","article-title":"Relational aggression in college students: examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy","volume":"29","author":"Loudin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/12.2.139","article-title":"Prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use disorders in polish primary care settings","volume":"12","author":"Manwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006","article-title":"Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness","volume":"45","author":"McLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8333.2011.02012.x","article-title":"Anxiety, alcohol intoxication, and aggression","volume":"16","author":"Mcmurran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leg. Criminol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.82","article-title":"Interpersonal violence and mental health outcomes following disaster","volume":"6","author":"Molyneaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000720","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on alcohol use disorders and complications","volume":"34","author":"Murthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Psychology","author":"Myers","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00012","article-title":"Aggression and anxiety: social context and neurobiological links","volume":"4","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Health Psychology: A Textbook","author":"Odgen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1998)24:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Cross-cultural evidence of female indirect aggression","volume":"24","author":"\u00d6sterman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.667182","article-title":"Liquid courage or liquid fear: alcohol intoxication and anxiety facilitate physical aggression","volume":"47","author":"Parrott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107313","article-title":"Did the acute impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drinking or nicotine use persist? Evidence from a cohort of emerging adults followed for up to nine years","volume":"131","author":"Pelham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856220943024","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Ramalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117839","article-title":"Coronaviruses pathogenesis, comorbidities and multi-organ damage\u2014a review","volume":"255","author":"Renu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150","article-title":"Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review","volume":"229","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref45","author":"Siekierka","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4964","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214964","article-title":"How do polish students manage emotional distress during the COVID-19 lockdown? A web-based cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Sitarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159060","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and its socio-demographic and Behavioural correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia","volume":"19","author":"Tamson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.01.023","article-title":"Mental health among healthcare personnel during COVID-19 in Asia: a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Thatrimontrichai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90070-8","article-title":"Alcohol and anxiety","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1126471\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:01:03Z","timestamp":1684976463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1126471\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1126471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1126471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"article-number":"1126471"}}