{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:46:06Z","timestamp":1784133966151,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects caused by differences in data acquisition can be substantial and may impact data interpretation in multi-site\/scanner studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Given the increasing use of multi-site studies, a better understanding of how to account for different scanners is needed. Using data from a concussion population, we compare ComBat harmonization with different statistical methods in controlling for site, vendor, and scanner as covariates to determine how to best control for multi-site data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data for the current study included 545 MRS datasets to measure tNAA, tCr, tCho, Glx, and mI to study the pediatric concussion acquired across five sites, six scanners, and two different MRI vendors. For each metabolite, the site and vendor were accounted for in seven different models of general linear models (GLM) or mixed-effects models while testing for group differences between the concussion and orthopedic injury. Models 1 and 2 controlled for vendor and site. Models 3 and 4 controlled for scanner. Models 5 and 6 controlled for site applied to data harmonized by vendor using ComBat. Model 7 controlled for scanner applied to data harmonized by scanner using ComBat. All the models controlled for age and sex as covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Models 1 and 2, controlling for site and vendor, showed no significant group effect in any metabolites, but the vendor and site were significant factors in the GLM. Model 3, which included a scanner, showed a significant group effect for tNAA and tCho, and the scanner was a significant factor. Model 4, controlling for the scanner, did not show a group effect in the mixed model. The data harmonized by the vendor using ComBat (Models 5 and 6) had no significant group effect in both the GLM and mixed models. Lastly, the data harmonized by the scanner using ComBat (Model 7) showed no significant group effect. The individual site data suggest there were no group differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from a large clinical concussion population, different analysis techniques to control for site, vendor, and scanner in MRS data yielded different results. The findings support the use of ComBat harmonization for clinical MRS data, as it removes the site and vendor effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1130188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T22:06:19Z","timestamp":1682028379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of different approaches to manage multi-site magnetic resonance spectroscopy clinical data analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Parker L.","family":"La","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany K.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam H.","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Zemek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith Owen","family":"Yeates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Gennarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Abbreviated injury scale (c) 2005 update 2008"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00330-6","article-title":"The clinical utility of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury: Recommendations from the ENIGMA MRS working group.","volume":"15","author":"Bartnik-Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119330","article-title":"Harmonization of multi-site MRS data with ComBat.","volume":"257","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5864-8","author":"Bl\u00fcml","year":"2013","journal-title":"MR spectroscopy of pediatric brain disorders"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3083","article-title":"A follow-up study of neurometabolic alterations in female concussed athletes.","volume":"31","author":"Chamard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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