{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:14:37Z","timestamp":1787807677803,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tongue is one of the organs most central to human speech. Here, the evolution and species-unique properties of the human tongue is traced, via reference to the apparent articulatory behavior of extant non-human great apes, and fossil findings from early hominids \u2013 from a point of view of articulatory phonetics, the science of human speech production. Increased lingual flexibility provided the possibility of mapping of articulatory targets, possibly via exaptation of manual-gestural mapping capacities evident in extant great apes. The emergence of the human-specific tongue, its properties, and morphology were crucial to the evolution of human articulate speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1150778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T13:25:46Z","timestamp":1685539546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evolution of the human tongue and emergence of speech biomechanics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Axel G.","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Edlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.02.011","article-title":"Cerebellar contributions to speech production and speech perception: psycholinguistic and neurobiological perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Ackermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047","article-title":"A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika Ethiopia","volume":"443","author":"Alemseged","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.661880","article-title":"The dopamine system and automatization of movement sequences: a review with relevance for speech and stuttering","volume":"15","author":"Alm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Primate anatomy: An introduction","author":"Ankel-Simons","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/338758a0","article-title":"A middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone","volume":"338","author":"Arensburg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00202","article-title":"Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum","volume":"8","author":"Baizer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00671","article-title":"Neanderthal language? Just-so stories take center stage","volume":"4","author":"Berwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"The size of the pharynx: an irrelevant parameter for speech emergence and acquisition","author":"Bo\u00eb","year":""},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2002.0170","article-title":"The potential Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans","volume":"30","author":"Bo\u00eb","year":"","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2007.06.006","article-title":"The vocal tract of newborn humans and Neanderthals: acoustic capabilities and consequences for the debate on the origin of language. A reply to Lieberman (2007a)","volume":"35","author":"Bo\u00eb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1075\/eoc.3.1.05boe","article-title":"Neandertal man was not morphologically handicapped for speech","volume":"3","author":"Bo\u00eb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Evol. Commun."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"469","article-title":"Anatomic and physiologic development of the speech apparatus","volume":"3","author":"Bosma","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110523","article-title":"Human faces are slower than chimpanzee faces","volume":"9","author":"Burrows","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1974.76.2.02a00050","article-title":"Some problems in the interpretation of Neanderthal speech capabilities: a reply to Lieberman","volume":"76","author":"Carlisle","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"471","article-title":"Acoustic factors in the evolution of the human vocal tract","volume":"320","author":"Carre","year":"1995","journal-title":"C. R. Acad Sci II"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-010-0328-7","article-title":"Semantics of primate gestures: intentional meanings of orangutan gestures","volume":"13","author":"Cartmill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199244843.003.0011","article-title":"From hand to mouth: the gestural origins of language","volume":"3","author":"Corballis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stud. Evol. Lang."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01003922","article-title":"The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"The human vocal tract: Anatomy, function, development, and evolution","author":"Crelin","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(89)80117-1","article-title":"The skulls of our ancestors: Implications regarding speech, language, and conceptual thought evolution","volume":"3","author":"Crelin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Voice"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082261","article-title":"Micro-biomechanics of the Kebara 2 hyoid and its implications for speech in Neanderthals","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Anastasio","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/115195a0","article-title":"Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa","volume":"115","author":"Dart","year":"1925","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712309350972","article-title":"Computer models of vocal tract evolution: an overview and critique","volume":"18","author":"de Boer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00397","article-title":"On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences","volume":"4","author":"Dediu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1800","article-title":"Hypoglossal canal size and hominid speech","volume":"96","author":"DeGusta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm042","article-title":"Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong","volume":"130","author":"Dronkers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-022-00335-6","article-title":"Ape vowel-like sounds remain elusive: a comment on Grawunder et al. (2022)","volume":"44","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.996894","article-title":"Motor constellation theory: a model of infants\u2019 phonological development","volume":"13","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Not \u2018speech-ready\u2019 after all: a critical review of nonhuman primate phonetic potential","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":""},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-023-00350-1","article-title":"Viki\u2019s first words: a comparative phonetics case study","volume":"44","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref002","article-title":"PREQUEL: Supervised phonetic approaches to analyses of great ape quasi-vowels","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"","journal-title":"Proceedings of 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2023)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.04.008","article-title":"FOXP2 and the role of cortico-basal ganglia circuits in speech and language evolution","volume":"21","author":"Enard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00132-2","article-title":"Combining MRI, EMA and EPG measurements in a three-dimensional tongue model","volume":"41","author":"Engwall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Speech Comm."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330430116","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the larynx in man and the chimpanzee: implications for language in Neanderthal","volume":"43","author":"Falk","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"The acoustic theory of speech production","author":"Fant","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"316","article-title":"Coarticulation and connected speech processes","author":"Farnetani","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421048","article-title":"Vocal tract length and formant frequency dispersion correlate with body size in rhesus macaques","volume":"102","author":"Fitch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000028474","article-title":"The phonetic potential of nonhuman vocal tracts: comparative cineradiographic observations of vocalizing animals","volume":"57","author":"Fitch","year":"","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01494-7","article-title":"The evolution of speech: a comparative review","volume":"4","author":"Fitch","year":"","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199545858.003.0006","article-title":"Fossil cues to the evolution of speech","author":"Fitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"The cradle of language"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817779","volume-title":"The evolution of language","author":"Fitch","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600723","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600723","article-title":"Monkey vocal tracts are speech-ready","volume":"2","author":"Fitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427148","article-title":"Morphology and development of the human vocal tract: a study using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"106","author":"Fitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1704","article-title":"The descended larynx is not uniquely human","volume":"268","author":"Fitch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Royal Soc. London B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46646-0_17","article-title":"Talking hyoids and talking Neanderthals","author":"Frayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.10.002","article-title":"The language network","volume":"23","author":"Friederici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Teaching sign language to chimpanzees","author":"Gardner","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385591","article-title":"Production of bite-block vowels: acoustic equivalence by selective compensation","volume":"69","author":"Gay","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.007096","article-title":"Anatomical basis of lingual hydrostatic deformation","volume":"210","author":"Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200455","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0455","article-title":"Chimpanzee vowel-like sounds and voice quality suggest formant space expansion through the hominoid lineage","volume":"377","author":"Grawunder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.006","article-title":"The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it","volume":"15","author":"Graybiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009506","article-title":"Comparative analysis reveals distinctive epigenetic features of the human cerebellum","volume":"17","author":"Guevara","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"105","article-title":"The intellectual development of a home-raised chimpanzee","volume":"95","author":"Hayes","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3406\/bmsap.1989.1702","article-title":"La nouvelle reconstitution du cr\u00e2ne N\u00e9andertalien de La Chapelle-aux-Saints: m\u00e9thode et r\u00e9sultats","volume":"1","author":"Heim","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00092-9","article-title":"Hyoid and tongue surface movements in speaking and eating","volume":"47","author":"Hiiemae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.066","article-title":"The meanings of chimpanzee gestures","volume":"24","author":"Hobaiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref56","author":"Ishwar","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the primate tongue","volume":"223","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.114.4.335","article-title":"Interactive use of sign language by cross-fostered chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","volume":"114","author":"Jensvold","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2003.0057","article-title":"Hypoglossal canal size in living hominoids and the evolution of human speech","volume":"75","author":"Jungers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5417","article-title":"The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior","volume":"95","author":"Kay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330590315","article-title":"The basicranium of Plio-Pleistocene hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems","volume":"59","author":"Laitman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001520403","article-title":"Developmental change in a basicranial line and its relationship to the upper respiratory system in living primates","volume":"152","author":"Laitman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.09.021","article-title":"Bidding evidence for primate vocal learning and the cultural substrates for speech evolution","volume":"83","author":"Lameira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020279","article-title":"Perception of the speech code","volume":"74","author":"Liberman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"The biology and evolution of language","author":"Lieberman","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5399.175b","article-title":"Silver-tongued Neandertals?","volume":"283","author":"Lieberman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Human language and our reptilian brain: The subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought","author":"Lieberman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1086\/509092","article-title":"The evolution of human speech: its anatomical and neural bases","volume":"48","author":"Lieberman","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2005.07.002","article-title":"Current views on Neanderthal speech capabilities: a reply to Boe et al.(2002)","volume":"35","author":"Lieberman","year":"","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"The evolution of the human head","author":"Lieberman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2012.04.001","article-title":"Vocal tract anatomy and the neural bases of talking","volume":"40","author":"Lieberman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700442","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700442","article-title":"Comment on \u201cmonkey vocal tracts are speech-ready\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Lieberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"On the speech of Neanderthal man","volume":"76","author":"Lieberman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Janua Linguarum"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1974.76.2.02a00060","article-title":"Speech and Neanderthal man: a reply to Carlisle and Siegel","volume":"76","author":"Lieberman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1972.74.3.02a00020","article-title":"Phonetic ability and related anatomy of the newborn and adult human, Neanderthal man, and the chimpanzee","volume":"74","author":"Lieberman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3884.1185","article-title":"Vocal tract limitations on the vowel repertoires of rhesus monkey and other nonhuman primates","volume":"164","author":"Lieberman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(92)90046-C","article-title":"The anatomy, physiology, acoustics and perception of speech: essential elements in analysis of the evolution of human speech","volume":"23","author":"Lieberman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/342486a0","article-title":"Folk physiology and talking hyoids","volume":"342","author":"Lieberman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0287","article-title":"The ontogeny of cranial base angulation in humans and chimpanzees and its implications for reconstructing pharyngeal dimensions","volume":"36","author":"Lieberman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(00)00108-4","article-title":"Ontogeny of postnatal hyoid and larynx descent in humans","volume":"46","author":"Lieberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000161951","article-title":"The anatomical and histochemical properties of the tongue of primates","volume":"5","author":"Machida","year":"1967","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98001265","article-title":"The frame\/content theory of evolution of speech production","volume":"21","author":"MacNeilage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2037-8_6","article-title":"Compensatory articulation during speech: evidence from the analysis and synthesis of vocal-tract shapes using an articulatory model","author":"Maeda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Speech production and speech modelling"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.07.006","article-title":"Human hyoid bones from the middle Pleistocene site of the Sima de los Huesos (sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)","volume":"54","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25148","article-title":"Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues","volume":"529","author":"Moayedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000052679","article-title":"Subcortical brain mechanisms in speech and language","volume":"53","author":"Murdoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref004","volume-title":"Comparative anatomy and physiology of the larynx","author":"Negus","year":"1949"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20112","article-title":"Developmental changes in the shape of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in chimpanzees","volume":"126","author":"Nishimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oldowan culture and the evolution of anticipatory cognition","volume":"122","author":"Osvath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lund Univ. Cogn. Stud."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000113822","article-title":"The role of the cerebellum in motor control and perception","volume":"41","author":"Paulin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Physiology of speech production: results and implication of quantitative cineradiographic study","volume":"53","author":"Perkell","year":"1969","journal-title":"Monograph"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.1996.0002","article-title":"Properties of the tongue help to define vowel categories: hypotheses based on physiologically-oriented modeling","volume":"24","author":"Perkell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22755","article-title":"The human tongue slows down to speak: muscle fibers of the human tongue","volume":"296","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.357","article-title":"Seven plus or minus two: a commentary on capacity limitation","volume":"101","author":"Shiffrin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"28","article-title":"Trunks, tongues, and tentacles: moving with skeletons of muscle","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3378\/027.085.0501","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the hominin and african ape hyoid bone, a possible marker of the evolution of speech","volume":"85","author":"Steele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31520-7","article-title":"On the quantal nature of speech","volume":"17","author":"Stevens","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"202","article-title":"The particulate origins of language generativity: from syllable to gesture","volume-title":"Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases","author":"Studdert-Kennedy","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"An atlas of primate gross anatomy: Baboon, chimpanzee, and man","author":"Swindler","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20589","article-title":"Morphological analyses and 3D modeling of the tongue musculature of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)","volume":"70","author":"Takemoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x","article-title":"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo)","volume":"201","author":"Weissengruber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3103.405","article-title":"Mandible and hyoid bone movements during speech","volume":"31","author":"Westbury","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175802","article-title":"Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids","volume":"326","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-011-0062-3","article-title":"Investigating the role of food processing in human evolution: a niche construction approach","volume":"3","author":"Wollstonecroft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"ref105","volume-title":"Catching fire: How cooking made us human","author":"Wrangham","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.03.015","article-title":"Combinatorial capacities in primates","volume":"21","author":"Zuberb\u00fchler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1150778\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1702560622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1150778\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1150778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1150778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"article-number":"1150778"}}