{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:54:43Z","timestamp":1793422483812,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive distortions can result in maladaptive interpretations of events and maladaptive behavior. In the case of gambling, such distortions can contribute to the maintenance of the disorder. Our current research aimed to conduct an experiment to possibly detect cognitive biases characteristic of persons with gambling addiction in a non-gambling sample of the general population, and to study the effect of \u201cbig win\u201d on cognitive distortions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A specifically designed and preprogrammed slot machine simulation was carried out, with 90 rounds split into 3 sections. During the simulation every participant verbalized their thoughts and feelings; the verbalizations were recorded. Then a content analysis was conducted to search for indications of cognitive distortions. The sample was separated into two experimental groups: one of the groups experienced the \u201cbig wins\u201d in the first section, while the other group had them in the second section of the experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Content analysis revealed numerous cognitive biases. Cognitive distortions usually present in problem gambling were detected in our sample from the general population as well. However, we could not distinguish cognitive biases indicating serious loss of control, or distortion of reality control. A further finding is that early losses provoke the emergence of more cognitive distortions, while early big win leads to more intense loss-chasing in the later stages of gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The appearance of reality-checking uncertainty or loss of control can be alarming for the development of gambling. Losses and big wins can provoke different cognitive distortions, encouraging the person into further gambling behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1175621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T04:48:57Z","timestamp":1684730937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-problem gamblers show the same cognitive distortions while playing slot machines as problem gamblers, with no loss of control and reduced reality control, though \u2013 An experimental study on gambling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Kr\u00e9besz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra Kata","family":"\u00d6tv\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zita","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Alford","year":"1997","journal-title":"The integrative power of cognitive therapy."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734","article-title":"Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model.","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psycho."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015","article-title":"A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling.","volume":"97","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057814","article-title":"A study in language and cognition.","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B5","author":"Burns","year":"1980","journal-title":"Feeling Good."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.08.012","article-title":"Decision making, cognitive distortions and emotional distress: A comparison between pathological gamblers and healthy controls.","volume":"54","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12558","article-title":"Disordered gambling: The evolving concept of behavioral addiction.","volume":"1327","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.03.018","article-title":"How do gamblers maintain an illusion of control?","volume":"68","author":"Cowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-005-1153-2","article-title":"The Gambler\u2019s fallacy and the hot hand: Empirical data from casinos.","volume":"30","author":"Croson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Risk. Uncertainty"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2014.29.2","article-title":"Relating severity of gambling to cognitive distortions in a representative sample of problem gamblers.","volume":"29","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Issues"},{"key":"B11","author":"Custer","year":"1985","journal-title":"When luck runs out."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980009600854","article-title":"Predictors of irrational thinking in regular slot machine gamblers.","volume":"134","author":"Delfabbro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02243","article-title":"Gambling-related distortions and problem gambling in adolescents: A model to explain mechanisms and develop interventions.","volume":"8","author":"Donati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of the near-miss effect in gambling.","volume":"36","author":"Dores","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process.","volume":"62","author":"Elo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1062-93","article-title":"Cognitive dissonance.","volume":"207","author":"Festinger","year":"1962","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"411","article-title":"Erroneous perceptions and gambling.","volume":"4","author":"Gaboury","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031892","article-title":"Measuring cognitive distortions in pathological gambling: Review and meta-analyses.","volume":"27","author":"Goodie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03060-5_4","article-title":"Cognitive Distortions in Disordered Gambling","author":"Goodie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gambling Disorder"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02529.x","article-title":"The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling.","volume":"85","author":"Griffiths","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","author":"Griffiths","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adolescent Gambling."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/14459800108732286","article-title":"The psychology of lottery gambling.","volume":"1","author":"Griffiths","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2010.93-313","article-title":"Neurobehavioral evidence for the \u201cnear-Miss\u201d effect in pathological gamblers.","author":"Habib","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Beh"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/b:jogs.0000022308.2777","article-title":"Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: Preliminary data.","volume":"20","author":"Joukhador","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2003.92.3c.1203","article-title":"Differences in cognitive distortions between problem and social gamblers.","volume":"92","author":"Joukhador","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(72)90016-3","article-title":"Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness.","volume":"3","author":"Kahneman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.15.2.155","article-title":"Effects of the \u201cnear miss\u201d and the \u201cbig win\u201d on persistence at slot machine gambling.","volume":"15","author":"Kassinove","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9240-6","article-title":"Can we perceive near miss? an empirical study.","volume":"28","author":"Kurucz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09870-z","article-title":"Cognitive distortions in gamblers and non-gamblers of a representative spanish sample.","volume":"36","author":"Labrador","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gamb. Stud."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01020108","article-title":"Effects of limited and unlimited stakes on gambling behavior.","volume":"4","author":"Ladouceur","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Beh."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.2.311","article-title":"The illusion of control.","volume":"32","author":"Langer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09895-4","article-title":"Gambling-related cognitive distortions in residential treatment for gambling disorder.","volume":"36","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1979.11024008","article-title":"The compulsive gambler\u2019s spiral of options and involvement.","volume":"42","author":"Lesieur","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238978","article-title":"The role of gambling type on gambling motives, cognitive distortions, and gambling severity in gamblers recruited online.","volume":"15","author":"Mathieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6997.109","article-title":"Rigour and Qualitative Research.","volume":"311","author":"Mays","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"717","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and the evolution of cognition.","volume":"2","author":"Mithen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. R. Anthropol. Inst."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9180-6","article-title":"Differences in cognitive distortions between pathological and non-pathological gamblers with preferences for chance or skill games.","volume":"26","author":"Myrseth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9784-9","article-title":"Connecting with a slot machine: Social exclusion and anthropomorphization increase gambling.","volume":"35","author":"Pancani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22001","article-title":"Testing three different sequential mediational interpretations of beck\u2019s cognitive model of the development of depression.","volume":"70","author":"P\u00f6ssel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2019.1616320","article-title":"What can be learned about gambling from a learning perspective? A narrative review.","volume":"71","author":"Ramnero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nord. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732317753586","article-title":"Two strategies for qualitative content analysis: An intramethod approach to triangulation.","volume":"28","author":"Renz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1023042708217","article-title":"The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review.","volume":"14","author":"Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01019629","article-title":"The pathological gambler\u2019s system for self-deception.","volume":"2","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Beh."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9417(92)90062-N","article-title":"Borderline omnipotence in pathological gambling.","volume":"6","author":"Selzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909039417","article-title":"Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling.","volume":"34","author":"Toneatto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(02)80049-9","article-title":"Cognitive therapy for problem gambling.","volume":"9","author":"Toneatto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024983300428","article-title":"Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling.","volume":"13","author":"Toneatto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.138.6.495-504","article-title":"The \u201cbig win\u201d and resistance to extinction when gambling.","volume":"138","author":"Weatherly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2003.08.007","article-title":"Risk factors for pathological gambling.","volume":"29","author":"Welte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B51","author":"Wildman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gambling: An attempt at an Integration."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2016.1147592","article-title":"Cognitive distortions predict future gambling involvement.","volume":"16","author":"Yakovenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1175621\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T04:49:02Z","timestamp":1684730942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1175621\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1175621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1175621","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"article-number":"1175621"}}