{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1775076240755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive psychology is one of the important perspectives to understand depression. Compared with previous studies, recent researchers increasingly focused on the exploration of the comprehensive cognitive process of patients with depression. The cognitive operation ability of working memory is an important comprehensive cognitive process, which reflects how individuals establish representations. This is the basis for the formation of experience and schema. The purpose of this study is to explore whether there are abnormalities in cognitive manipulation in patients with depression, and to analyze its possible role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, depressed patients was enrolled in the clinical psychology department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital as the case group, while healthy individuals were recruited in the hospital and social meetings as the control group. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)-17, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and rumination thinking scale (RRS) were adopted as measurement tools, and working memory operation tasks were adopted to test each subject, so as to measure their cognitive operation ability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 78 depressed patients and 81 healthy individuals completed the study. The results showed that the rumination level of the case group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was significant first; Second, in the \u201cinconsistent\u201d condition, the case group under different stimulus conditions when the response was significantly higher than the control group; Thirdly, the \u201ccognitive operation consumption\u201d value of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group under the three stimulus conditions, among which, the operational cost value of sadness\u2014neutral stimulus was significantly higher than that of the other two stimulus conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with depression had obvious difficulties in cognitive manipulation of information with different values in working memory, which reflected in the fact that it took them longer time to adjust the relationship between information and established new representations. Among them, patients with depression had a higher degree of cognitive manipulation of sad stimuli, indicating that their abnormal cognitive manipulation had certain emotion specificity. Finally, the difficulty of cognitive operation was closely related to the level of rumination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1183893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T04:18:57Z","timestamp":1686629937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cognitive manipulation of emotional and non-emotional information in working memory of patients with depression: a rigid processing style"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianglin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.01.001","article-title":"An ERP study of multidimensional source retrieval in depression","volume":"132","author":"Barrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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