{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:50:53Z","timestamp":1788997853385,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009544","name":"Universidad de San Buenaventura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emotional processing is a cognitive function essential for the interaction of humans with their environment and the development of adaptive behaviors. Adolescent offenders (AOs) express difficulty in cognitive processes linked to emotional processing, which is a response consistently observed during the endogenous (i.e., controlled) control of attention. Less remains understood of the extent to which such atypical responses extend beyond controlled attention and influence exogenous mechanisms (i.e., automatic). This study explores this hypothesis using the recently devised emotional Flanker paradigm. It recruited a group of 39 male AOs and 39 nonoffenders from Barranquilla, Colombia. Assessment consists of an emotional Flanker paradigm administered along with traditional neurocognitive and social cognition tasks. The AOs displayed the well-known attentional bias to threat and a relatively atypical response to emotional targets in which they detected emotions, particularly negative ones, faster than did nonoffenders. Frontal lobe functions account for these effects but not sociodemographic variables nor general cognitive abilities. The results are interpreted in light of evidence suggesting that youngsters with high levels of antisocial behaviors (e.g., callous\u2013unemotional traits) present an enhanced orientation toward distressing stimuli, which is explained by lifelong experiences (e.g., histories of abuse). The findings suggest that environmental influences seemingly exist in the development of these traits, but additional research is required to elucidate the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the development of antisocial behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:34:51Z","timestamp":1700822091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing attentional bias to emotions in adolescent offenders and nonoffenders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Alfredo","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29956-9","article-title":"Increased moral condemnation of accidental harm in institutionalized adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Baez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.02.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of top-down attention","volume":"34","author":"Baluch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.252","article-title":"Early adverse experiences and the developing brain","volume":"41","author":"Bick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2014.971852","article-title":"Analysis of cognitive inhibition and flexibility in juvenile delinquents","volume":"26","author":"Borrani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.2608","article-title":"Socio-cognitive and personal characteristics of young offenders: a field study","volume":"10","author":"Borr\u00e1s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9368-z","article-title":"Young offenders\u2019 emotion recognition dysfunction across emotion intensities: explaining variation using psychopathic traits, conduct disorder and offense severity","volume":"36","author":"Bowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500298351","article-title":"Processing of \u201cunattended\u201d threat-related information: role of emotional content and context","volume":"20","author":"Calvo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-014-0270-2","article-title":"Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review","volume":"14","author":"Carreti\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4756","article-title":"A re-examination of Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores","volume":"33","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.12.013","article-title":"Attentional bias towards negative affect stimuli and reactive aggression in male batterers","volume":"176","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref12","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.009","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities associated with a positive screening using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test in subjects with severe alcohol use disorder","volume":"191","author":"D\u2019Hondt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention","volume":"18","author":"Desimone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.11.005","article-title":"Offenders with antisocial personality disorder show attentional bias for violence-related stimuli","volume":"209","author":"Domes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.3.534","article-title":"The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect","volume":"6","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emot. Wash. DC"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.691","article-title":"The detection of fear-relevant stimuli: are guns noticed as quickly as snakes?","volume":"7","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.05.006","article-title":"Selective attention to threat versus reward: meta-analysis and neural-network modeling of the dot-probe task","volume":"28","author":"Frewen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psicod.2017.09.001","article-title":"Antisocial behavior and executive functions in young offenders","volume":"23","author":"Gil-Fenoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodid\u00e1ct. Engl. Ed"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00850","article-title":"Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy deficits in adolescent offenders revealed by context-sensitive tasks","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez-Gadea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.917","article-title":"Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect","volume":"54","author":"Hansen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133682","article-title":"Exploring the structure of human defensive responses from judgments of threat scenarios","volume":"10","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00315-9","article-title":"Attributional and attentional bias in children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.1.28","article-title":"Flanker effects with faces may depend on perceptual as well as emotional differences","volume":"6","author":"Horstmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25225","article-title":"Dynamic neural circuit disruptions associated with antisocial behaviors","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413514136","article-title":"Bottom-up and top-down attention: different processes and overlapping neural systems","volume":"20","author":"Katsuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940800028X","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse","volume":"20","author":"Kimonis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.781501","article-title":"Brightness differences influence the evaluation of affective pictures","volume":"27","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings | BibSonomy. The center for research in psychophysiology","author":"Lang","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Seeing enemies? A systematic review of anger bias in the perception of facial expressions among anger-prone and aggressive populations","volume":"25","author":"Mellentin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237912","article-title":"Role of endogenous and exogenous attention in task-relevant visual perceptual learning","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2016.1218804","article-title":"Youth drug offenders: an examination of criminogenic risk and juvenile recidivism","volume":"1","author":"Papp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corrections"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1298994","article-title":"Attentional bias during emotional processing: evidence from an emotional flanker task using IAPS","volume":"32","author":"Parra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/nnr.0000000000000192","article-title":"Validity of the Montreal cognitive assessment screener in adolescents and young adults with and without congenital heart disease","volume":"66","author":"Pike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.03.015","article-title":"Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders","volume":"207","author":"Pino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000026","article-title":"Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: a meta-analytic investigation","volume":"142","author":"Pool","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref41","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"113","article-title":"Border departments and peripheral violence in Colombia","volume":"61","author":"R\u00edos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Criminalidad"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.12.1397","article-title":"A review of mood disorders among juvenile offenders","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1284044","article-title":"Of guns and snakes: testing a modern threat superiority effect","volume":"32","author":"Subra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2004.03.002","article-title":"A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies","volume":"51","author":"Szekely","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1348\/000712600161691","article-title":"Orienting to exogenous cues and attentional bias to affective pictures reflect separate processes","volume":"91","author":"Tipples","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol. Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2014.969406","article-title":"Emotional processing in Colombian ex-combatants and its relationship with empathy and executive functions","volume":"10","author":"Tob\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709990415","article-title":"INECO frontal screening (IFS): a brief, sensitive, and specific tool to assess executive functions in dementia\u2013CORRECTED VERSION","volume":"15","author":"Torralva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249407","article-title":"Attentional bias during emotional processing: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence from an emotional flanker task","volume":"16","author":"Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00510","article-title":"Social cognitive training improves emotional processing and reduces aggressive attitudes in ex-combatants","volume":"8","author":"Trujillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2011.110223","article-title":"Antisocial behaviour in children with and without callous-unemotional traits","volume":"105","author":"Viding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.3.307","article-title":"The neurobiology of violence: an update","volume":"11","author":"Volavka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903205698","article-title":"The effects of emotion on attention: a review of attentional processing of emotional information","volume":"24","author":"Yiend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/10870-006","article-title":"Selective attention tasks in clinical research","volume-title":"Cognitive methods and their application to clinical research","author":"Yiend","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060548","article-title":"Attentional modulation of emotional conflict processing with flanker tasks","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:34:58Z","timestamp":1700822098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1192114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"article-number":"1192114"}}