{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:45:47Z","timestamp":1791333947724,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical presentation of obsessive\u2013compulsive patients is characterized by unwanted, intrusive, nonsensical, self-related, and recurrent ideas, thoughts, images, or impulses associated with active compulsive compensations. Under the operational diagnostic criteria adopted by the biological- and cognitive-oriented neopositivist medical paradigm, it is known as \u201cobsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.\u201d However, this paradigm has been criticized for its controversial assumptions, limited methodologies, theoretic biases, and inconsistency in producing practical outcomes. To bypass some of these issues, we propose a complementary approach that draws on and further develops existing psychopathological studies of the obsessive\u2013compulsive anthropological condition based on dialectical phenomenological psychopathology. As such, we refer to the global clinical configuration as the \u201cobsessive\u2013compulsive existential type.\u201d Our theoretical inspiration comes from the classical phenomenological work on obsessions undertaken by Straus and Gebsattel, which identified the negative transformation of the obsessive\u2013compulsive life-world or the endogenous emergence of the <jats:italic>anti-eidos<\/jats:italic> (diluting existential force). We then propose to broaden the concept of <jats:italic>anti-eidos<\/jats:italic>, especially in its dialectical correlation with <jats:italic>eidos<\/jats:italic> (unifying existential force), representing the existential dialectic between transformation and permanence. Next, we detail the dynamics of anthropological disproportions in obsessive\u2013compulsive existential type, essentially the supremacy of the <jats:italic>anti-eidos<\/jats:italic> over the <jats:italic>eidos<\/jats:italic>. This primary imbalance modifies the obsessive\u2013compulsive existential structure, consisting of polymorphic temporality; weakened intentionality; maladjusted calibration of distance with the world and others; an integral, isolated, besieged self with dwindling self-agency, and tense and over-protecting embodiment. We also analyze compensatory hyperreflexivity and compulsive rituals as expressions of structural counterbalancing designed to contain the primary structural disproportions and derangements. The heterogeneous obsessive\u2013compulsive clinical manifestations are the complex result of the primary structural alteration and subsequent phenomenological compensations. They tend to be variable in temporal span and rarely assume a fixed form, hindering diagnosis. We correlate structural frameworks with multiple clinical examples. Finally, we raise some insights on how our study may contribute to scientific research and therapeutic proposals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1211598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T11:47:32Z","timestamp":1693914452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Obsessive\u2013compulsive existential type: a dialectical-phenomenological approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tamelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Messas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"223","article-title":"The epistemological basis of psychiatric controversies","volume":"23","author":"Aragona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"9","article-title":"L'apriori Nella Psichiatria \"Fenomenologica\"","volume-title":"Lo Sguardo in Anticipo. Quattro Studi Sull'apriori","author":"Basso","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"186","article-title":"Chapter VI - Las obsessiones y las compulsiones","volume-title":"Historia de los S\u00edntomas de los Transtornos Mentales","author":"Berrios","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.160079","article-title":"OCD: obsessive-compulsive\u2026disgust? The role of disgust in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Bhikram","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"221","article-title":"Chapter 5 - Zur Psychologie der Zwangsvog\u00e4nde","volume-title":"Ausgew\u00e4hlte Arbeiten","author":"Binder","year":""},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"43","article-title":"Sobre fenomenologia","volume-title":"Obras Escogidas","author":"Binswanger","year":""},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"477","article-title":"El problema del espacio en la psicopatologia","volume-title":"Obras Escogidas","author":"Binswanger","year":""},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111578071","volume-title":"Drei Formen Missgl\u00fcckten Daseins: Verstiegenheit, Verschrobenheit, Manieriertheit","author":"Binswanger","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"La P\u00e9rdida de la Evidencia Natural","author":"Blankenburg","year":""},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"35","article-title":"A dialectical conception of anthropological proportions","volume-title":"Phenomenology and Psychiatry","author":"Blankenburg","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2002.0014","article-title":"First steps toward a psychopathology of \"common sense\"","volume":"8","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686482","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.686482","article-title":"Interoception and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Bragdon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.13136\/thau.v6i0.96","article-title":"Disposition: the \u201cpathic\u201d dimension of existence and its relevance in affective disorders and schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Brencio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thaum. Riv. Filosofia"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000098490","article-title":"Obsession in the strict sense: a helpful psychopathological phenomenon in the differential diagnosis between obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"B\u00fcrgy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-011-3248-0","article-title":"On the differential diagnostics of depersonalization experiences","volume":"83","author":"B\u00fcrgy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000501165","article-title":"Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a methodologically structured overview","volume":"52","author":"B\u00fcrgy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.05.013","article-title":"The \"minimal self\" in psychopathology: re-examining the self-disorders in the schizophrenia spectrum","volume":"16","author":"Cermolacce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01199-8","article-title":"Anger and aggressiveness in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the mediating role of responsibility, non-acceptance of emotions, and social desirability","volume":"271","author":"Cludius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-020-09688-w","article-title":"Why Tourette syndrome research needs philosophical phenomenology","volume":"20","author":"Curtis-Wendlandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000351929","article-title":"On the nature of obsessions and compulsions","volume":"29","author":"De Haan","year":"","journal-title":"Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139565820.006","article-title":"Being free by losing control: what obsessive-compulsive disorder can tell us about free will","volume-title":"Free Will and the Brain: Neuroscientific, Philosophical, and Legal Perspectives on Free Will","author":"De Haan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00653","article-title":"The phenomenology of deep brain stimulation-induced changes in OCD: an enactive affordance-based model","volume":"7","author":"De Haan","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01177-3","article-title":"Psychoeducation focused on family accommodation: a practical intervention for parents of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Demaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"10","article-title":"Personality disorders from a phenomenological perspective","volume":"36","author":"D\u00f6rr-Zegers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000485630","article-title":"Space and time in the obsessive-compulsive phenomenon","volume":"51","author":"D\u00f6rr-Zegers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000276","article-title":"Messaging in biological psychiatry: misrepresentations, their causes, and potential consequences","volume":"28","author":"Dumas-Mallet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-006-2070-6","article-title":"The feeling of incompleteness. Rediscovery of an old psychopathological symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"77","author":"Ecker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.70.10.824","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: unearthing a hidden problem","volume":"70","author":"El-Sayegh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000525369","article-title":"Decomposition: partition as an escape from decay\u2014a gestalt of the obsessive life-world","volume":"55","author":"Esposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.02.002","article-title":"Early intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder: an expert consensus statement","volume":"29","author":"Fineberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.06.024","article-title":"The analytical epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates","volume":"32","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.014","article-title":"A clinical staging model for obsessive-compulsive disorder: is it ready for prime time?","volume":"7","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMed"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.53667\/IZVQ9404","article-title":"\u2018Suspended from shaky scaffolding, we secure ourselves with our fixations\u2019. A phenomenological and gestalt exploration of obsessive\u2013 compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Francesetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Gestalt J."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000101365","article-title":"The temporal structure of intentionality and its disturbance in schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Fuchs","year":"","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2007.61.4.423","article-title":"Psychotherapy of the lived space: a phenomenological and ecological concept","volume":"61","author":"Fuchs","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychother."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2646-0_28","article-title":"Phenomenology and psychopathology","volume-title":"Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1353\/jsp.2010.0010","article-title":"The psychopathology of hyperreflexivity","volume":"24","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Specul. Philos."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-010-9189-4","article-title":"Temporality and psychopathology","volume":"12","author":"Fuchs","year":"","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"612","article-title":"The phenomenology of affectivity","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry","author":"Fuchs","year":""},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000432404","article-title":"From Self-Disorders to Ego Disorders","volume":"48","author":"Fuchs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"354","article-title":"Values and values-based practice","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Phenomenological Psychopathology","author":"Fulford","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Fussi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/07351692109348932","article-title":"Psychoanalytically informed approaches to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Gabbard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Inq."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"336","article-title":"The phenomenology of agency and the cognitive sciences","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Phenomenology of Agency","author":"Gallagher","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"105","article-title":"Chapter IV - El mundo del obsessivo","volume-title":"Antropolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica","author":"Gebsattel","year":""},{"key":"ref47","author":"Gibbs","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4191\/2167-1044.1000191","article-title":"Stigma and shame as barriers to treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders","volume":"4","author":"Glazier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2476","article-title":"What is the relationship between fear of self, self-ambivalence, and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology? A systematic literature review","volume":"27","author":"Godwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2022.100709","article-title":"Delay to diagnosis in OCD","volume":"32","author":"Hezel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compul. Disord."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70176-3","article-title":"The epidemiology and cross-national presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Horwath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198807254.003.0006","article-title":"Chapter 6 - Criticism of psychiatric diagnosis","volume-title":"The Medical Model in Mental Health: An Explanation and Evaluation","author":"Huda","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Les Obsessions et la Psychasth\u00e9nie","author":"Janet","year":"1903"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"General Psychopathology","author":"Jaspers","year":""},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"689","article-title":"Research domain criteria and OCD: an oxymoron?","volume-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phenomenology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment","author":"Kalanthroff","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.105","article-title":"Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it?","volume":"17","author":"Kapur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"65","article-title":"Psychodynamic perspectives on OCD","volume-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phenomenology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment","author":"King","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"367","article-title":"Fear and disgust: the sublime and the sublate","volume":"250","author":"Korsmeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Philos."},{"key":"ref620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1991.5.1.82","article-title":"Methodological problems with the classification of personality disorders: The significance of existential types","volume":"5","author":"Kraus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59519-6_21","article-title":"Phenomenological-anthropological psychiatry","volume-title":"Contemporary Psychiatry","author":"Kraus","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29945-7_10","article-title":"Melancholia from the perspective of the self","volume-title":"An Experiential Approach to Psychopathology","author":"Kraus","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"348","article-title":"Perspectives and time as relevant phenomena in the psychopathology of obsessive-compulsive neuroses","volume":"43","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychopathol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2015.07.003","article-title":"Predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Kyrios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reflexiones antropol\u00f3gicas sobre el fen\u00f3meno de la obsesi\u00f3n [anthropological considerations about the phenomenon of obsession]","volume":"23","author":"Lang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210081001","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: the self under siege","volume":"21","author":"Leckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2019.04.002","article-title":"Feelings of incompleteness explain symptoms of OCD and OCPD beyond harm avoidance","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compul. Disord."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.05.016","article-title":"Correlates of occupational disability in a clinical sample of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Mancebo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000076457","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validity of the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale symptom checklist","volume":"73","author":"Mataix-Cols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62724-9","volume-title":"The Existential Structure of Substance Misuse","author":"Messas","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867706","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.867706","article-title":"The dialectics of altered experience: how to validly construct a phenomenologically based diagnosis in psychiatry","volume":"13","author":"Messas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00357-6","article-title":"Three dialectics of disorder: refocusing phenomenology for 21st century psychiatry","volume":"8","author":"Messas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.13136\/thau.v6i0.94","article-title":"The pragmatic value of notions of dialectics and essence in phenomenological psychiatry and psychopathology","volume":"6","author":"Messas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thaum. Riv. Filosofia"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X17715414","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the core essence of psychopathological entities: an historical exercise in phenomenological psychiatry","volume":"28","author":"Messas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00466","article-title":"New perspectives in phenomenological psychopathology: its use in psychiatric treatment","volume":"9","author":"Messas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"Le temps v\u00e9cu. \u00c9tudes Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologiques et Psychopathologiques","author":"Minkowski","year":""},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2020.1804021","article-title":"Predicting marriage and divorce in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Muhlbauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30316-3","article-title":"Integrating clinical staging and phenomenological psychopathology to add depth, nuance, and utility to clinical phenotyping: a heuristic challenge","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v3.i3.50","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms from delusions in schizophrenia: a phenomenological approach","volume":"3","author":"Oulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20200302","article-title":"The relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder and psychosis: an unresolved issue","volume":"17","author":"Palermo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs153","article-title":"Rediscovering psychopathology: the epistemology and phenomenology of the psychiatric object","volume":"39","author":"Parnas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/047084647X.ch6","article-title":"The role of phenomenology in psychiatric diagnosis and classification","volume-title":"Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification","author":"Parnas","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1470-4","article-title":"Separating obsessive-compulsive disorder from the self. A qualitative study of family member perceptions","volume":"17","author":"Pedley","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213495","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213495","article-title":"Illness perceptions in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder; a qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Pedley","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.594277","article-title":"Compassion-focused group therapy for treatment-resistant OCD: initial evaluation using a multiple baseline design","volume":"11","author":"Petrocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z","article-title":"Schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an empirical study","volume":"270","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X11428419","article-title":"Erwin Straus and the pathic","volume":"23","author":"Ratnapalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hist. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"169","article-title":"The role of family and social relationships in OCD and Spectrum conditions","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders","author":"Renshaw","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000762","article-title":"Phenomenology as a resource for translational research in mental health: methodological trends, challenges and new directions","volume":"32","author":"Ritunnano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"265","article-title":"The objectivization of time in the obsessive world","volume-title":"Analecta Husserliana LXXXIV","author":"Rovaletti","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2646-0_31","article-title":"Phenomenology as description and as explanation: the case of schizophrenia","volume-title":"Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science","author":"Sass","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.09.025","article-title":"Phenomenology and neurobiology of self disorder in schizophrenia: secondary factors","volume":"169","author":"Sass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Clinical Psychopathology","author":"Schneider","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.002","article-title":"Thought-action fusion: a review","volume":"35","author":"Shafran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01007-8","article-title":"Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Shephard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-021-09799-y","article-title":"Exploring phenomenological interviews: questions, lessons learned and perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Sholokhova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050656","article-title":"The applicability of acceptance and commitment therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Soondrum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10743-022-09306-4","article-title":"Husserl\u2019s taxonomy of action","volume":"38","author":"Spano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Husserl Stud."},{"key":"ref98","volume-title":"Ossessione e rivelazione","author":"Stanghellini","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316181973","volume-title":"The Therapeutic Interview in Mental Health: A Values-Based and Person-Centered Approach","author":"Stanghellini","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22038","article-title":"Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018492","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale--second edition","volume":"22","author":"Storch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Vom Sinn der Sinne","author":"Straus","year":"1935"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Chapter 17 - La patolog\u00eda de la compulsi\u00f3n","volume-title":"Psicolog\u00eda Fenomenol\u00f3gica","author":"Straus","year":""},{"key":"ref105","volume-title":"Sull'ossessione. Uno Studio Clinico e Metodologico","author":"Straus","year":""},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12137","article-title":"Disgust talked about","volume":"9","author":"Strohminger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Compass"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-007-9060-8","article-title":"Do antidepressants affect the self? A phenomenological approach","volume":"10","author":"Svenaeus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Health Care Philos."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/1415-4714.2017v20n1p165.11","article-title":"Phenomenological psychopathology in contemporary psychiatry: interfaces and perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Tamelini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Psicopatol. Fund."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2019.0017","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia in light of phenomenology","volume":"26","author":"Tamelini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2018.16.2.161","article-title":"Evaluation of relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and dissociative experiences","volume":"16","author":"Tatl\u0131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"La Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie des Psychoses","author":"Tatossian","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1163\/156916209X427972","article-title":"Nothing personal: an empirical phenomenological study of the experience of \u201cbeing-on-an-SSRI\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Teal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phenomenol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref113","volume-title":"La Melancolia. Visi\u00f3n Hist\u00f3rica Del Problema: Tipologia, Patogenia y Clinica","author":"Tellenbach","year":""},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"89","article-title":"L\u2019espace et l\u2019obsession","volume-title":"Espace et Psychopatohologie","author":"Tellenbach","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref115","volume-title":"G\u00f4ut et Atmosphere","author":"Tellenbach","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00033-X","article-title":"The things themselves","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.28.4.264","article-title":"Exploring the association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and loneliness: consideration of specificity and gender","volume":"28","author":"Timpano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"35","article-title":"Epidemiology, comorbidity, and burden of OCD","volume-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phenomenology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment","author":"Torres","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20220601","article-title":"Biological psychiatry is dead, long live biological psychiatry","volume":"19","author":"Troisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.08.007","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder presenting with gender incongruence obsessions","volume":"30","author":"Uvais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.07.768","article-title":"Systematic review and Meta-analysis: early treatment responses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clomipramine in Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Varigonda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.010","article-title":"Shame in the obsessive compulsive related disorders: a conceptual review","volume":"171","author":"Weingarden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118890233.ch4","article-title":"Cross-cultural phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume-title":"The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders","author":"Williams","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620969215","article-title":"Symptom descriptions in psychopathology: how well are they working for us?","volume":"9","author":"Wilshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref125","volume-title":"On Certainty","author":"Wittgenstein","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis of family accommodation and OCD symptom severity","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame","author":"Zahavi","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025217","article-title":"Manifestation of incompleteness in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as reduced functionality and extended activity beyond task completion","volume":"6","author":"Zor","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1211598\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T11:48:05Z","timestamp":1693914485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1211598\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1211598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1211598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"article-number":"1211598"}}