{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:02:18Z","timestamp":1784170938054,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assuming that the difference exist in the manifestation of psychological suffering among genders, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on gender differences in vitiligo quality of life and psychological assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for original articles in English language. Results were screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA checklist).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study yielded 107 results; 12 articles have been evaluated as eligible. Each eligible study has been screened and analyzed. The study\u2019s qualitative evaluation revealed that 8 papers were classifiable as satisfactory, 4 were classifiable as unsatisfactory. The agreement between the coders was high (% agreement\u2009=\u200984.6%; Cohen\u2019s kappa\u2009=\u20090.79). All considered researches (100%) were cross-sectional studies, based on self-report questionnaires. From our analysis, women with vitiligo had a higher risk to experience lower quality of life, and worse mental health in a wide range of psychopathology symptoms than men. A wide heterogeneity of tools is used to investigate the quality of life and psychological symptoms among these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unfortunately, there are few explanatory models proposed in the literature to rationalize these findings. It will be important to investigate in further researches the specific influence of known risk factors for psychopathology in this population to better explore these phenomena.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1234734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T08:01:55Z","timestamp":1703059315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gender differences in vitiligo: psychological symptoms and quality of life assessment description"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tonia","family":"Samela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Malorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Matarrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Mattia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Alfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Abeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_579_21","article-title":"Quality of life impairment amongst persons living with vitiligo using disease specific vitiligo quality of life index: a Nigerian perspective","volume":"28","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Construction and validation of the Italian version of Skindex-29, a new instrument to measure quality of life in dermatology","volume":"136","author":"Abeni","year":"2001","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in Saudi patients with vitiligo in a medical school in Qassim province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"28","author":"Al Robaee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.061","article-title":"Vitiligo: a comprehensive overview: part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up","volume":"65","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90033-Z","article-title":"The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale","volume":"36","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.08.022","article-title":"Marital status and gender differences in managing a chronic illness: the function of health-related social control","volume":"71","author":"August","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12729","article-title":"Investigation of factors associated with health-related quality of life and psychological distress in vitiligo","volume":"14","author":"Bonotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.06.002","article-title":"Setting the bar: divergent sociocultural norms for women's and men's ideal appearance in real-world contexts","volume":"8","author":"Buote","year":"2011","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(93)90218-R","article-title":"The \u201cbig five questionnaire\u201d: a new questionnaire to assess the five factor model","volume":"15","author":"Caprara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2005.05.007","article-title":"Stigma experience in skin disorders: an Indian perspective","volume":"23","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365600","article-title":"Skindex, a quality-of-life measure for patients with skin disease: reliability, validity, and responsiveness","volume":"107","author":"Chren","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1992.6.4.343","article-title":"The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders","volume":"6","author":"Costa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.01.001","article-title":"Psychosomatic aspects of vitiligo","volume":"35","author":"Cupertino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15987","article-title":"Psychological disturbances in patients with pigmentary disorders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Dabas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-017-0351-z","article-title":"Who benefits from mastery-approach and performance-approach goals in college? Students' social class as a moderator of the link between goals and grade","volume":"33","author":"Darnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1977.tb00241.x","article-title":"Factorial invariance across gender for the primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90","volume":"16","author":"Derogatis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103613","article-title":"Neuroticism, stress, and rumination in anxiety and depression of people with vitiligo: an explanatory model","volume":"227","author":"do B\u00fa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20596","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021","volume":"186","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198711000-00007","article-title":"Coping strategies and associated features of medically ill patients","volume":"49","author":"Feifel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01167.x","article-title":"Dermatology life quality index (DLQI)\u2014a simple practical measure for routine clinical use","volume":"19","author":"Finlay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000287080","article-title":"Supportive psychotherapeutic techniques in primary and secondary alexithymia","volume":"28","author":"Freyberger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0200-2","article-title":"Comorbid depression in medical diseases","volume":"6","author":"Gold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242","article-title":"The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care","volume":"27","author":"Goldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.11.005","article-title":"Vitiligo: patient stories, self-esteem, and the psychological burden of disease","volume":"4","author":"Grimes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Women Dermatol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8","article-title":"Chapter 15 - a cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: update and extension","volume-title":"Social anxiety","author":"Heimberg","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.55014\/pij.v5i1.148","article-title":"Research Progress on the correlation between psychological factors and vitiligo","volume":"5","author":"Heng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pac. Int. J."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","article-title":"The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.07.002","article-title":"Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia","volume":"43","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000012412","article-title":"Is alexithymia a permanent feature in depressed patients?","volume":"69","author":"Honkalampi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000363407","article-title":"To what extent is quality of life impaired in vitiligo? A multicenter study on Italian patients using the dermatology life quality index","volume":"229","author":"Ingordo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17nr02247","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.17nr02247","article-title":"Psychiatric and psychological impact of chronic skin disease","volume":"20","author":"Jafferany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disords."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-016-0653-7","article-title":"\u201cI Don\u2019t need help\u201d: gender differences in how gender stereotypes predict help-seeking","volume":"76","author":"Juvrud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90112-7","article-title":"Psychologic effects of vitiligo: a critical incident analysis","volume":"35","author":"Kent","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00008","article-title":"The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms","volume":"64","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x","article-title":"A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children\/adolescents and adults","volume":"51","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1981","article-title":"Stigmatisation, avoidance behaviour and difficulties in coping are common among adult patients with vitiligo","volume":"95","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2022.12.002","article-title":"Dispositional mindfulness, alexithymia and sensory processing: emerging insights from habituation of the acoustic startle reflex response","volume":"184","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241445","article-title":"Vitiligo and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kussainova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15199","article-title":"Vitiligo and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"177","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2016.62286","article-title":"How does stigma affect people with psoriasis?","volume":"34","author":"\u0141akuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015652","article-title":"Gender differences in alexithymia","volume":"10","author":"Levant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masculinity"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.01.038","article-title":"Development and validation of a vitiligo-specific quality-of-life instrument (VitiQoL)","volume":"69","author":"Lilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6663646","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6663646","article-title":"Meta-analytic review of high anxiety comorbidity among patients with vitiligo","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/00224549709595447","article-title":"Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations","volume":"137","author":"Lynn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.0759","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in adults with hidradenitis Suppurativa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009","article-title":"A diagnostic meta-analysis of the patient health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression","volume":"37","author":"Manea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.5540","article-title":"The PHQ-2 in dermatology\u2014standardized screening for depression and suicidal ideation","volume":"154","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500101","article-title":"Neuro-immuno-endocrine processes in vitiligo pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Miniati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.23.3.176","article-title":"Construct validity of the questionnaire on experience with skin complaints (short form): identification of a subscale responsive to physical treatment","volume":"23","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000182253","article-title":"Categorization of Skindex-29 scores using mixture analysis","volume":"218","author":"Nijsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.2147\/prbm.S370445","article-title":"Evaluation of the behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with vitiligo in China","volume":"15","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.3.504","article-title":"The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety\/depressive symptoms","volume":"109","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000084751","article-title":"Quality of life and stigmatization profile in a cohort of vitiligo patients and effect of the use of camouflage","volume":"210","author":"Ongenae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101140","article-title":"Suicidal ideation associated with vitiligo - a systematic review of prevalence and assessment","volume":"17","author":"Padmakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.1998.00384.x","article-title":"Impact of life events on the onset of vitiligo in adults: preliminary evidence for a psychological dimension in aetiology","volume":"23","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0953-9","article-title":"Heart rate variability and autonomic activity at rest and during exercise in various physiological conditions","volume":"90","author":"Perini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000056237","article-title":"Stressful life events and skin diseases: disentangling evidence from myth","volume":"70","author":"Picardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00336.x","article-title":"Assessing psychological distress in patients with skin diseases: reliability, validity and factor structure of the GHQ-12","volume":"15","author":"Picardi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/000155501317208345","article-title":"Increased psychiatric morbidity in female outpatients with skin lesions on visible parts of the body","volume":"81","author":"Picardi","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1103","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among patients with skin disease","volume":"54","author":"Picardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.27","article-title":"Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"212","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4276-5_14","article-title":"Gender and mental health","volume-title":"Handbook of the sociology of mental health","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0172-x","article-title":"Social anxiety and quality of life in vitiligo and acne patients with facial involvement: a cross-sectional controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Salman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00856","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.2558","article-title":"Similar levels of disease severity correspond to a greater burden of illness in women compared with men with hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"103","author":"Samela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08678.x","article-title":"Identification of categories at risk for high quality of life impairment in patients with vitiligo","volume":"159","author":"Sampogna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6879412","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6879412","article-title":"Gender differences in depression, coping, stigma, and quality of life in patients of vitiligo","volume":"2019","author":"Sawant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137308924479","article-title":"Analysis of heart rate variability","volume":"16","author":"Saykrs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01897.x","article-title":"Stigmatization experience, coping and sense of coherence in vitiligo patients","volume":"21","author":"Schmid-Ott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"330","article-title":"Psychosocial influences on the illness experience of psoriasis patients. A study with the \u201cquestionnaire on Experinece with skin complaints (QES)\u201d","volume":"46","author":"Schmid-Ott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychiatr. Psychther."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104499","article-title":"FDA approves Ruxolitinib (Opzelura) for vitiligo therapy: a breakthrough in the field of dermatology","volume":"81","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20137","article-title":"Development of a shared decision-making tool in vitiligo: an international study*","volume":"185","author":"Shourick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000286529","article-title":"The prevalence of \u2018Alexithymic\u2019 characteristics in psychosomatic patients","volume":"22","author":"Sifneos","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"255","article-title":"Vitiligo disease triggers: psychological stressors preceding the onset of disease","volume":"95","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0298-5","article-title":"Vitiligo: an update on pathophysiology and treatment options","volume":"18","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.004","article-title":"The genetic basis of vitiligo","volume":"141","author":"Spritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.15.4.532","article-title":"Measuring adjustment to chronic skin disorders: validation of a self-report measure","volume":"15","author":"Stangier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00355.x","article-title":"The definition and assessment of vitiligo: a consensus report of the vitiligo European task force","volume":"1","author":"Ta\u00efeb","year":"20","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00601-3","article-title":"The 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale: IV. Reliability and factorial validity in different languages and cultures","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2368","article-title":"Body image and body dysmorphic concerns","volume":"96","author":"Tomas-Aragones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1896","article-title":"Autonomic nervous tone in vitiligo patients--a case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Trapp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.11.001","article-title":"Brooding and reflection as components of rumination in late childhood","volume":"48","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14739","article-title":"The prevalence and odds of depression in patients with vitiligo: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027806","article-title":"Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety","volume":"33","author":"Watson","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.15689\/ap.2018.1702.13559.02","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o e evid\u00eancias de validade da Escala de Resposta Ruminativa no Brasil. [Adaptation and validity evidence of the Ruminative Response Scale in Brazil.]","volume":"17","author":"Zanon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aval. Psicol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1234734\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1703059321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1234734\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1234734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1234734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"article-number":"1234734"}}