{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T23:45:27Z","timestamp":1788133527466,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with Down syndrome (DS) typically have motor and language needs. Improving function is a shared goal for the rehabilitation therapy team, however physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology professionals treat patients differently. This difference in care may mask\n                      <jats:italic>developmental cascades<\/jats:italic>\n                      whereby changes in one domain (e.g., motor) can have seemingly unexpected effects on another domain (e.g., language).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review identified papers where motor and language data have been reported together in children with DS and reinterpreted findings from a developmental cascades lens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online databases were used to identify 413 papers published before October 2021 from which 33 papers were retained that reported both motor (gross and\/or fine) and language (expressive and\/or receptive) data in individuals with DS with a chronological age of 0\u201318\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of papers (79%) that reported motor and language data in children with DS did not examine their link, while 12% analyzed motor-language links, but using a cross-sectional or retrospective design. Only three papers (9%) utilized a longitudinal design to examine predictive links.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motor functioning and language functioning have often been reported together, but not analyzed together, in studies of children with DS. The few studies that did analyze motor-language links largely replicated findings from other developmental populations where motor gains were positively linked to language gains. Analyzing links between domains when such data is available is needed to fully characterize developmental cascades in DS and may have broad clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1275325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1696243302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Motor-language links in children with Down syndrome: a scoping review to revisit the literature with a developmental cascades lens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Karimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza L.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20158","article-title":"Language development in down syndrome: from the prelinguistic period to the acquisition of literacy","volume":"13","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref3","author":"Aromataris","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1587","article-title":"Early gross motor skills predict the subsequent development of language in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Bedford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/032)","article-title":"Written and oral narratives of children and adolescents with down syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Bird","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00886.x","article-title":"Affective reorganization in the infant, the mother, and the dyad: the role of upright locomotion and its timing","volume":"66","author":"Biringen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12439","article-title":"Capturing the complexity of autism: applying a developmental cascades framework","volume":"16","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.09.047","article-title":"The pull-to-sit task: examining infant postural development in autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"253","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12361","article-title":"Cracking the code: social and contextual cues to language input in the home environment","volume":"25","author":"Custode","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001163-200504000-00003","article-title":"The emerging down syndrome behavioral phenotype in early childhood: implications for practice","volume":"18","author":"Fidler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infants Young Child."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2019.02.002","article-title":"Exploratory behavior and developmental skill acquisition in infants with down syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Fidler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02670","article-title":"Do gross and fine motor skills differentially contribute to language outcomes? A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2022.2092081","article-title":"Association between motor and language skills development in children with autism Spectrum disorder: a scoping review","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000909990432","article-title":"Developing language in a developing body: the relationship between motor development and language development","volume":"37","author":"Iverson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721421993822","article-title":"Developmental variability and developmental cascades: lessons from motor and language development in infancy","volume":"30","author":"Iverson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1626","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1626","article-title":"Developing language in a developing body, revisited: the cascading effects of motor development on the acquisition of language","volume":"13","author":"Iverson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.1019","article-title":"Relationship between the use of lower extremity orthoses and the developmental quotient of the Kyoto scale of psychological development in children with down syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Kanai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Motor-language links in down syndrome (scoping review protocol, supplementary material)","author":"Karimi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.1.97","article-title":"Motor and cognitive developmental profiles in children with down syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22233","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22233","article-title":"Infant posture and caregiver-provided cognitive opportunities in typically developing infants and infants with motor delay","volume":"64","author":"Kretch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09827-4","article-title":"The effects of interventions on motor skills in individuals with down syndrome: a Meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Ku","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.12.012","article-title":"Predicting the rate of language development from early motor skills in at-risk infants who develop autism spectrum disorder","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12055","article-title":"The impact of motor development on typical and atypical social cognition and language: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Mental Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120158","article-title":"Grounding early intervention: physical therapy cannot just be about motor skills anymore","volume":"93","author":"Lobo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050655","article-title":"Is the age of developmental milestones a predictor for future development in down syndrome?","volume":"11","author":"Locatelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"803","article-title":"Motor skills, cognitive development and balance functions of children with down syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Malak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1","article-title":"Language characteristics of individuals with down syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000222","article-title":"Developmental cascades","volume":"22","author":"Masten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.03.016","article-title":"Reporting scoping reviews-PRISMA ScR extension","volume":"123","author":"McGowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3801.157","article-title":"Nonverbal communication and early language acquisition in children with down syndrome and in normally developing children","volume":"38","author":"Mundy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"113","article-title":"The emergence of fine motor skills in children with Down syndrome","volume-title":"International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities.","author":"Needham","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12539","article-title":"Understanding developmental cascades and experience: diversity matters","volume":"28","author":"Oakes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2012.07.010","article-title":"Attainment of sitting and walking predicts development of productive vocabulary between ages 16 and 28 months","volume":"35","author":"Oudgenoeg-Paz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21956","article-title":"Gross motor function of children with down syndrome: creation of motor growth curves","volume":"82","author":"Palisano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-3092(80)90002-8","article-title":"Interrelationships of biological environmental and competency variables in young children with down syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Reed","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20136","article-title":"Language and communication development in down syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2020.105992","article-title":"Children with down syndrome can benefit from language interventions; results from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref39","author":"Wallace","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033238","article-title":"Infant language development is related to the acquisition of walking","volume":"50","author":"Walle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001285","article-title":"Mothers talk about infants' actions: how verbs correspond to infants' real-time behavior","volume":"58","author":"West","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-126.6.460","article-title":"Motor influences on communication: comparisons between down syndrome and fragile X syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Will","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.11.008","article-title":"Motor and cognitive development of children with down syndrome: the effect of acquisition of walking skills on their cognitive and language abilities","volume":"41","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Development"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1275325\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T10:41:47Z","timestamp":1696243307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1275325\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1275325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1275325","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31219\/osf.io\/qmpw5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"article-number":"1275325"}}