{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:26:23Z","timestamp":1784838383051,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiencing stroke is associated with deterioration in health-related quality of life (HRQL). One of the generic tools used for HRQL assessment is the EuroQol instrument of five dimensions and five levels (EQ-5D-5L), which has not yet been validated in Lithuania. This study aimed to evaluate validity, reliability, and factor structure of the EQ-5D-5L instrument in a sample of Lithuanian individuals at the end of the first week after experiencing ischemic stroke (IS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study had a cross-sectional design, including 134 individuals [61.9% men and 38.1% women; median (IQR) age was 66 years (59\u201373) years, in the final analysis]. Alongside the EQ-5D-5L, psychological distress was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 (GAD-7); neurological impairment with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); and functional independence with the Barthel index (BI). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed for validation of the factor structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The internal consistency of the EQ-5D-5L instrument was 0.81. A significant ceiling effect (17.2%) of the descriptive part of the EQ-5D-5L was detected. The convergent validity of the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system was confirmed, with significant correlations with the other scales used, except for the visual analog scale. The two-factor (\u201cphysical\u201d and \u201cemotional\u201d) model was confirmed by CFA, with acceptable fit [root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.045, RMSEA 90% CI = 0.000\u20130.145; comparative fit indices (CFI) = 0.996; non-normal fit index (NFI) = 0.983; Tucker\u2013Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.936; \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/<jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic> = 1.27)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides information on the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L instrument in Lithuanian individuals, showing that the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system is a reliable and valid tool for HRQL assessment. The Lithuanian version of the descriptive part of the EQ-5D-5L instrument is best expressed as a two-factor model, estimating the physical and emotional dimensions of HRQL in individuals who have experienced IS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1284859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T08:37:20Z","timestamp":1701851840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychometrics and validation of the EQ-5D-5L instrument in individuals with ischemic stroke in Lithuania"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Saulius","family":"Taroza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Burkauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narseta","family":"Mickuviene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nijole","family":"Kazukauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelija","family":"Podlipskyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000258355.23810.c6","article-title":"Outcomes validity and reliability of the modified Rankin scale: implications for stroke clinical trials: a literature review and synthesis","volume":"38","author":"Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.1875422","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with major depression: factor analysis and Rasch analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bilbao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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