{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:30:51Z","timestamp":1782815451670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited research focused on the association between parenting practices and children\u2019s prosocial and externalizing behaviors comparing same- and different-gender parent families. The present study considered 76 Italian families (73% same-gender and 27% different-gender parent families) with 8-year-old (SD\u2009=\u20092.17; 49% assigned female at birth) children born through assisted reproductive techniques, to explore parenting practices and children\u2019s prosocial and externalizing behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We ran a Multiple-group-by-couple Structural Equation Model in which we estimated the predictive role of parenting on children\u2019s behaviors, controlling for age, gender, and family socioeconomic status using the Maximum Likelihood estimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed that both same- and different-gender parent families reported high levels of parental warmth and very low levels of hostility and rejection; regarding children\u2019s behaviors, both same- and different-gender parent families reported high levels of prosociality and low levels of externalizing behaviors. In addition, same-gender parents reported significantly higher levels of children\u2019s prosociality and parental warmth than different-gender parents. Regarding associations between parenting practices and behaviors, we found a positive association between positive parenting practices and increasing children\u2019s prosocial behaviors and decreasing children\u2019s externalizing behaviors, in both same- and different-gender families, controlling for family background characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study encourages future research to investigate how specific parenting practices can influence behavioral adjustment in children, focusing on same-gender parent families.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1325156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:34:03Z","timestamp":1705293243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prosocial and externalizing behaviors in children raised by different-and same-gender parent families: new directions in parenting research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Baiocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainzara","family":"Favini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pistella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Carone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Speranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Lingiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000583","article-title":"Same-sex and different-sex parent families in Italy: is parents\u2019 sexual orientation associated with child health outcomes and parental dimensions?","volume":"39","author":"Baiocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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