{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T08:40:28Z","timestamp":1786783228710,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with cochlear implants (CIs) demonstrate proficiency in verbal-story elicited-response (<jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic>-ER) false-belief tasks, such as the Sally &amp;amp; Ann task, at a similar age as typically developing hearing children. However, they face challenges in non-verbal spontaneous-response (NV-SR) false-belief tasks, measured via looking times, which hearing infants typically pass by around 2 years of age, or earlier. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether these difficulties remain in a non-verbal-story elicited-response (NVS-ER) false-belief task, in which children are offered the opportunity to provide an elicited response to a non-verbal-story task. A total of thirty 4- to 8-year-old children with CI-s and hearing children completed three different kinds of false-belief tasks. The results showed that children with CI-s performed above chance level on the verbal task (i.e., <jats:italic>VS<\/jats:italic>-ER task), but not on the two non-verbal tasks, (i.e., NVS-ER and NV-SR tasks). The control group of typically developing hearing children performed above chance on all three kinds of tasks (one-tailed significance level). Our findings highlight the importance of external narrative support for children with CIs in tasks that involve mental perspective-taking, and specifically predicting actions based on false beliefs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1238505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T15:48:54Z","timestamp":1705592934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["False belief understanding in deaf children: what are the difficulties?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Meristo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Surian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Strid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enad044","article-title":"Emotion recognition and false belief in deaf or hard-of-hearing preschool children","author":"Akkaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Deaf Stud. 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