{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:11:50Z","timestamp":1792303910194,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development refers to how individuals\u2019 experiences, beliefs, and attitudes influence understanding of ethnic-racial group membership. Messages about race, from multiple ecosystems, influence identity development and how individuals come to form their ERI. There has been a shift in ERI research to focus on Multiracial populations, however, most of the research focus is on Black\/white biracial and general, non-specified Multiracial populations. The ERI development process and experience for persons of other Multiracial backgrounds (e.g., AfroLatinx or AsianBlack) is not as extensively studied. This systematic literature review aims to elucidate the existing conceptualization of Multiracial ERI development for non-Black\/white biracial and general Multiracial populations in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple academic databases to identify relevant studies based on explicit inclusion criteria. The initial search resulted in 1,846 articles, but when only Black\/white biracial and non-specified general Multiracial studies were eliminated from this review, only 18 articles met the criteria for inclusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Common themes emerged from the reviewed literature, including the importance of spaces, conflicting social messages directed at Multiracial individuals, and coping responses used by Multiracial individuals when faced with challenges by family members and peers regarding their multiracial identity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings underscore the need for a more nuanced exploration of ERI development among diverse Multiracial populations. Understanding the unique strengths, experiences, and challenges of different Multiracial populations beyond the Black-white biracial paradigm is essential for understanding ERI development across and between different Multiracial populations in today\u2019s world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T04:45:00Z","timestamp":1714020300000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Making sense of conflicting messages of multiracial identity: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tatiana I.","family":"Zamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amado M.","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11256-014-0319-0","article-title":"School ethnic\u2013racial socialization: learning about race and ethnicity among African American students","author":"Aldana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2012.00743.x","article-title":"Racial identity, phenotype, and self-esteem among biracial Polynesian\/white individuals","volume":"62","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fam. 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