{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:54:28Z","timestamp":1778723668984,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tapering is a concept that is of great importance in relation to performance, due of its great effect on the psychological and physical condition of the swimmer. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of two-week of tapering characterized by a progressive training volume reduction on mood state and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Twenty-four competitive male swimmers were randomly assigned into two groups. Experimental group (age\u2009=\u200916.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009years) and control group (16.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009years). The mood subscales (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and vigor), total mood disturbance and swimming performance (50-m front crawl) were measured in pre and posttest. Our findings revealed a significant improvement in mood subscales (20.8 to 47.8%), total mood disturbance (14.4%) and in swimming performance (3.5%) after 2\u2009weeks of tapering training. A significant correlation was observed between the total mood disturbance and the 50\u2009m front crawl (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.63) only in the experimental group. It was concluded that a progressive reduction in training volume with a maintain of intensity could improve mood state and swimming performance. In addition, a change in total mood disturbance could affect swimming performance. Swimming coaches are advised to include tapering period according to the standards we mentioned earlier before competitive swimming to improve mental state, which helps the swimmers to overcome the negative influences of overtraining and therefore they can promote sprint-swimming performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:40:27Z","timestamp":1705984827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimizing performance and mood state in competitive swimmers through tapering strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hajer","family":"Aouani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofiene","family":"Amara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haithem","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"van den Tillaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10261","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910261","article-title":"The effect of concurrent resistance training on upper body strength, Sprint swimming performance and kinematics in competitive adolescent swimmers. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Amara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.110747","article-title":"The effect of combining HIIT and dry-land training on strength, technique, and 100-m butterfly swimming performance in age-group swimmers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Amara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060907","article-title":"The effects of verbal encouragement during a soccer dribbling circuit on physical and psychophysiological responses: an exploratory study in a physical education setting","volume":"9","author":"Aydi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1841-3081","article-title":"Effects of training and taper on neuromuscular fatigue profile on 100-m swimming performance","volume":"44","author":"Bachelor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-160040","article-title":"The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review","volume":"2","author":"Basso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200008404213","article-title":"The profile of mood states and athletic performance: two meta-analyses","volume":"12","author":"Beedie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"333","article-title":"Effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on profile of mood states of adolescent male football players","volume":"6","author":"Bijukumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depression"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31806010e0","article-title":"Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Bosquet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0053","article-title":"Training loads, wellness and performance before and during tapering for a water-polo tournament","volume":"66","author":"Botonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185494","article-title":"High-intensity high-volume swimming induces more robust signaling through PGC-1\u03b1 and AMPK activation than sprint interval swimming in m. triceps brachii","volume":"12","author":"Casuso","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137619","article-title":"Effect of high-volume training on psychological state and performance in competitive swimmers","volume":"19","author":"Chortane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924145","article-title":"Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players","volume":"28","author":"Coutts","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924146","article-title":"Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes","volume":"28","author":"Coutts","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9485-0","article-title":"The Swimmer's shoulder: multi-directional instability","volume":"11","author":"De Martino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003997","article-title":"Relationship between external load and self-reported wellness measures across a Men's collegiate soccer preseason","volume":"35","author":"Fields","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100512","article-title":"Preliminary results on mood state, salivary testosterone: cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team","volume":"86","author":"Filaire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"109","article-title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","volume":"15","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34786","article-title":"The effects of progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic relaxation on young soccer players' mood states","volume":"2","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199405000-00016","article-title":"The effects of taper on performance in distance runners","volume":"26","author":"Houmard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000509","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000509","article-title":"Effect of two tapering strategies on endurance-related physiological markers in athletes from selected training centres of Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Jafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe11010005","article-title":"The profile of moods states and athletic performance: a Meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"11","author":"Lochbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Edits manual for the profile of mood states","author":"McNair","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15042","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15042","article-title":"Acute ventilatory responses to swimming at increasing intensities","volume":"11","author":"Monteiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1139\/h95-031","article-title":"Effects of training on performance in competitive swimming","volume":"20","author":"Mujika","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01466271","article-title":"The effects of a reduced exercise duration taper programme on performance and muscle enzymes of endurance cyclists","volume":"65","author":"Neary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(89)90032-2","article-title":"Mood state and salivary cortisol levels following overtraining in female swimmers","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Psychobiologic effects of 3 d of increased training in female and male swimmers","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1519\/R-14894.1","article-title":"Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program","volume":"21","author":"Papoti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.94.3.1009","article-title":"Relationship between training volume and mood states in competitive swimmers during a 24-week season","volume":"94","author":"Pierce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8884","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238884","article-title":"Effect of the verbal encouragement on psychophysiological and affective responses during small-sided games","volume":"17","author":"Sahli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erap.2020.100603","article-title":"Effect of an intensified training period on well-being indices, recovery and psychological aspects in professional soccer players","volume":"70","author":"Selmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095238","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1095238","article-title":"Monitoring mood state to improve performance in soccer players: a brief review","volume":"22","author":"Selmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01798-6","article-title":"The psychology of athletic tapering in sport: a scoping review","volume":"53","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0090-5","article-title":"The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise","volume":"44","author":"Stults-Kolehmainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1519\/15184.1","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307675\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:40:31Z","timestamp":1705984831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307675\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1307675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"article-number":"1307675"}}