{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:16:31Z","timestamp":1790381791679,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enhancing reading efficiency is of paramount importance in various academic, professional and clinical domains. Previous research, mostly from a single laboratory, has shown that externally imposed time constraints by means of text fading can enhance reading fluency in children and adults with varying reading abilities and in different languages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we aimed at replicating and extending previous results in Italian readers. Three experiments (N = 90) were conducted: (i) to investigate the effects of continuous fading compared to character-wise fading, (ii) to investigate the influence of enlarged inter-letter spacing on reading acceleration outcomes, and (iii) to probe whether reading gains can be reliably observed off-line (after the acceleration) by comparing accelerated reading with an analog non-accelerated procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, results corroborate previous findings revealing that participants read 40% faster during the reading acceleration procedure, while maintaining the same accuracy levels. Continuous fading proved to be more effective than character-wise fading in enhancing reading speed, while larger inter-letter spacing did not significantly affect the reading speed gain. Albeit the non-clinical nature of our sample and its numerosity circumscribe the potential generalization, taking into account individual differences in the initial reading time, data suggests that reading acceleration leads to larger off-line speed increments with respect to non-accelerated reading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these findings offer valuable insights for the future application of reading acceleration procedures as part of multisession training programs for improving reading proficiency in a diverse range of clinical and non-clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1394579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:48:02Z","timestamp":1722386882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enhancing reading speed: the reading acceleration effect in Italian adult readers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Denisa Adina","family":"Zamfira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Dona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Ronconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aac4716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716","article-title":"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science","volume":"349","author":"Aarts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.06.012","article-title":"In search of methods enhancing fluency in reading: an examination of the relations between time constraints and processes of reading in readers of German","volume":"140","author":"Bar-Kochva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00328","article-title":"Random effects structure for testing interactions in linear mixed-effects models","volume":"4","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.018","article-title":"Is excessive visual crowding causally linked to developmental dyslexia?","volume":"130","author":"Bertoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.3.236","article-title":"Increasing first graders\u2019 reading accuracy and comprehension by accelerating their reading rates","volume":"79","author":"Breznitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1988.10885864","article-title":"Reading performance of first graders: the effects of pictorial distractors","volume":"82","author":"Breznitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.1.103","article-title":"Enhancing the reading of dyslexic children by reading acceleration and auditory masking","volume":"89","author":"Breznitz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/00221329709596680","article-title":"Reading rate acceleration: developmental aspects","volume":"158","author":"Breznitz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.289","article-title":"Effects of accelerated reading rate on memory for text among dyslexic readers","volume":"89","author":"Breznitz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410617019","volume-title":"Fluency in Reading: Synchronization of processes","author":"Breznitz","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1994.9914790","article-title":"Self-paced versus fast-paced Reading rates and their effect on comprehension and event-related potentials","volume":"155","author":"Breznitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320109597484","article-title":"Effects of accelerated Reading rate on processing words\u2019 syntactic functions by Normal and dyslexic readers: event related potentials evidence","volume":"162","author":"Breznitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.2.193","article-title":"Effects of accelerated reading rate on memory for text","volume":"84","author":"Breznitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2488","article-title":"Enhanced reading by training with imposed time constraint in typical and dyslexic adults","volume":"4","author":"Breznitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.589","article-title":"Models of reading aloud: dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches","volume":"100","author":"Coltheart","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324887","article-title":"Attention and aging","volume":"20","author":"Commodari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref17","author":"Crepaldi","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01937","article-title":"A special Chinese Reading acceleration training paradigm: to enhance the Reading fluency and comprehension of Chinese children with Reading disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5041-1","article-title":"Slowing in reading and picture naming: the effects of aging and developmental dyslexia","volume":"235","author":"De Luca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120550","article-title":"The role of parietal beta-band activity in the resolution of visual crowding","volume":"289","author":"Di Dona","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17626-1","article-title":"A different vision of dyslexia: local precedence on global perception","volume":"7","author":"Franceschini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.013","article-title":"A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition","volume":"22","author":"Franceschini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00194-x","article-title":"Inter-letter spacing, inter-word spacing, and font with dyslexia-friendly features: testing text readability in people with and without dyslexia","volume":"70","author":"Galliussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3934.958","article-title":"Processing sensory information: principles of perceptual learning and development","volume":"168","author":"Gibson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.72.5.647","article-title":"Short-term retention of discourse during reading","volume":"72","author":"Goldman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.11.011","article-title":"Perceptual learning as a possible new approach for remediation and prevention of developmental dyslexia","volume":"99","author":"Gori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/15.1.8","article-title":"How the visual aspects can be crucial in reading acquisition: the intriguing case of crowding and developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Gori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo2044","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo2044","article-title":"A meta-analysis suggests that tACS improves cognition in healthy, aging, and psychiatric populations","volume":"15","author":"Grover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.101.1.3-11","article-title":"Critical word factor in texts for beginning readers","volume":"101","author":"Hiebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1523","article-title":"Improvement of the error-detection mechanism in adults with dyslexia following Reading acceleration training: error detection in dyslexia","volume":"22","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-014-0093-4","article-title":"Reading improvement in English-and Hebrew-speaking children with reading difficulties after reading acceleration training","volume":"64","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-015-0096-9","article-title":"Greater functional connectivity between reading and error-detection regions following training with the reading acceleration program in children with reading difficulties","volume":"65","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.281","article-title":"Reading acceleration training changes brain circuitry in children with reading difficulties","volume":"4","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/748212","article-title":"Working memory and executive function decline across Normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2015","author":"Kirova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-016-9635-y","article-title":"Reading training by means of disappearing text: effects on reading performance and eye movements","volume":"29","author":"Korinth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00444","article-title":"Wider letter-spacing facilitates word processing but impairs Reading rates of fast readers","volume":"11","author":"Korinth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12408","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12408","article-title":"Improving reading rates and comprehension? Benefits and limitations of the reading acceleration approach","volume":"15","author":"Korinth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2","article-title":"Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading","volume":"6","author":"LaBerge","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cognit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.06.002","article-title":"Towards an understanding of the role of the \u2018magnocellular advantage\u2019 in fluent reading","volume":"32","author":"Laycock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415605194","article-title":"The effects of repeated Reading on Reading fluency for students with Reading disabilities: a Meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref42","author":"Lenth","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12307","article-title":"Transfer of perceptual expertise: the case of simplified and traditional Chinese character recognition","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08652-0","article-title":"Age-related changes in crowding and reading speed","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Training Reading fluency and comprehension of Spanish children with dyslexia","volume-title":"Reading fluency","author":"L\u00f3pez-Escribano","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/9.4.14","article-title":"Crowding, reading, and developmental dyslexia","volume":"9","author":"Martelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(09)51009-2","article-title":"Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension","volume-title":"Psychology of learning and motivation","author":"McNamara","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2011.582348","article-title":"A novel study: a situation model analysis of Reading times","volume":"48","author":"McNerney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discourse Process."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00042","article-title":"Spatial attention in written word perception","volume":"8","author":"Montani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00119","article-title":"Text-fading based training leads to transfer effects on children\u2019s sentence reading fluency","volume":"6","author":"Nagler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"107","article-title":"A fact retrieval account of the acceleration phenomenon","volume-title":"Reading fluency, literacy studies","author":"Nagler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-013-9468-x","article-title":"The impact of reading material\u2019s lexical accessibility on text fading effects in children\u2019s reading performance","volume":"27","author":"Nagler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/02702711.2015.1066911","article-title":"The effects of two different Reading acceleration training programs on improving Reading skills of second graders","volume":"37","author":"Nevo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Read. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/19388071.2010.518661","article-title":"Testing the acceleration hypothesis: fluency outcomes utilizing still-versus accelerated-text in sixth-grade students with Reading disabilities","volume":"50","author":"Paige","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lit. Res. Instr."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00213","article-title":"Reading abilities post traumatic brain injury in adolescents and adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"PsychoPy\u2014psychophysics software in Python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2016.28","article-title":"Does extra Interletter spacing help text Reading in skilled adult readers?","volume":"19","author":"Perea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2012.04.001","article-title":"The effects of inter-letter spacing in visual-word recognition: evidence with young normal readers and developmental dyslexics","volume":"22","author":"Perea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2013.827687","article-title":"Word knowledge in a theory of Reading comprehension","volume":"18","author":"Perfetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2022.106197","article-title":"The impact of mild traumatic brain injury on reading comprehension and eye movements: preliminary results","volume":"96","author":"Ratiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90005-5","article-title":"The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading","volume":"7","author":"Rayner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cognit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.018","article-title":"Eye movements when reading disappearing text: the importance of the word to the right of fixation","volume":"46","author":"Rayner","year":"","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.3.448","article-title":"The effect of word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty on the eye movements of young and older readers","volume":"21","author":"Rayner","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49051-x","article-title":"Investigating effects of typographic variables on webpage Reading through eye movements","volume":"9","author":"Scaltritti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408331038","article-title":"Enhancing the Reading fluency and comprehension of children with Reading disabilities in an orthographically transparent language","volume":"42","author":"Snellings","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70649-X","article-title":"Crowding effects on word identification in developmental dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Spinelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.11.3.475","article-title":"Resource allocation in on-line reading by younger and older adults","volume":"11","author":"Stine-Morrow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.26.4.1320","article-title":"Visual word recognition: Reattending to the role of spatial attention","volume":"26","author":"Stolz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2020.106047","article-title":"Early reading comprehension and speed of reading impairments in individuals with uncomplicated and complicated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"88","author":"Tabet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.964272","article-title":"Default spacing is the optimal spacing for word reading","volume":"68","author":"Van Den Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.850521","article-title":"Subtlex-UK: a new and improved word frequency database for British English","volume":"67","author":"Van Heuven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.003","article-title":"Dyslexia: a deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing","volume":"14","author":"Vidyasagar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000543","article-title":"Effects of aging, word frequency, and text stimulus quality on reading across the adult lifespan: evidence from eye movements","volume":"44","author":"Warrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280600948350","article-title":"An analysis of letter expertise in a levels-of-categorization framework","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis. Cogn."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3","article-title":"Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled Reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory","volume":"131","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205566109","article-title":"Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia","volume":"109","author":"Zorzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1394579\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:48:07Z","timestamp":1722386887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1394579\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1394579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1394579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"article-number":"1394579"}}