{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:23:09Z","timestamp":1788384189078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7172104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7172104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the psychological personality characteristics of transgender groups and to determine whether these characteristics differ according to sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and April 2023 at a psychosexual outpatient clinic in a psychiatric hospital in Beijing, China. In total, 481 individuals were included in this study, and demographic information was collected using a self-administered general questionnaire. Psychological personality traits were assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean scores of the assigned male at birth (AMAB) group were significantly higher than those of the male controls for all 10 clinical factors of the MMPI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The scores for both the Masculinity-femininity (Mf) and Depression (D) factors in the AMABs group exceeded the clinical threshold (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u200960) and were the highest and second-highest scores on the entire scale, respectively. Individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) had significantly higher scores than female controls for Hysteria (Hy), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd), and Hypomania (Ma) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, respectively). There were significant differences in the rates of abnormal values for the various factors of the MMPI (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u200960) according to gender, age, and education (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Compared to AFABs, AMABs had higher rates of abnormal scores (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u200960) on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), D, Hy, Mf, Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), and Social Introversion (Si) scales (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Second, the transgender group aged \u226425\u2009years had higher rates of abnormal scores (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u200960) on the Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma scales (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, respectively). Finally, outliers (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u200960) for the Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Ma, and Si factors were more prevalent among those with a primary to high school level of education (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assigned male at births may have a variety of psychological vulnerabilities, and there is a need to focus especially on those with a primary to high school level of education, those aged \u226425\u2009years, and transgender females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1416011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T11:41:24Z","timestamp":1718192484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of psychological personality traits in transgender groups using the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiren","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24281","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24281","article-title":"MMPI-2 profile of French transsexuals: the role of sociodemographic and clinical factors. a cross-sectional design","volume":"6","author":"Bonierbale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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