{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T10:14:22Z","timestamp":1778408062354,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1926, Freud famously conjectured that the human ego defense of repression against an <jats:italic>internal<\/jats:italic> instinctual threat evolved from the animal motor defense of flight from an <jats:italic>external<\/jats:italic> predatory threat. Studies over the past 50\u2009years mainly in rodents have investigated the neurobiology of the fight-or-flight reflex to external threats, which activates the emergency alarm system in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), the malfunction of which appears likely in panic and post-traumatic stress disorders, but perhaps also in some \u201cnon-emergent\u201d conditions like social anxiety and \u201chysterical\u201d conversion disorder. Computational neuroscience studies in mice by Reis and colleagues have revealed unprecedented insights into the dPAG-related neural mechanisms underlying these evolutionarily honed emergency vertebrate defensive functions (e.g., explore, risk assessment, escape, freeze). A psychoanalytic interpretation of the Reis studies demonstrates that Freud\u2019s 1926 conjecture is confirmed, and that internal instinctual threats alone can also set off the dPAG emergency alarm system, which is regulated by 5-HT<jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub> and CRF-1 receptors. Consistent with current psychoanalytic and neurobiologic theories of panic, several other of the primitive components of the dPAG alarm system may also have relevance for understanding of the unconscious determinants of impaired object relationships (e.g., avoidance distance). These dPAG findings reveal (1) a process of \u201cevolution <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>,\u201d whereby a more sophisticated dPAG ego defense is seen evolving out of a more primitive dPAG motor defense, (2) a dPAG location for the phylogenetically ancient kernel of Freud\u2019s Ego and Id, and (3) a Conscious Id theory that has been conclusively invalidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1427816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T04:22:54Z","timestamp":1727151774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Freud\u2019s 1926 conjecture is confirmed: evidence from the dorsal periaqueductal gray in mice that human psychological defense against internal instinctual threat evolved from animal motor defense against external predatory threat"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.11.018","article-title":"Activation patterns of cells in selected brain stem nuclei of more and less stress responsive rats in two animal models of PTSD-predator exposure and submersion stress","volume":"62","author":"Adamec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.05.007","article-title":"Scent marking behavior in male C57BL\/6J mice: sexual and developmental determination","volume":"182","author":"Arakawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. 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