{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:39:51Z","timestamp":1792114791303,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are no published data on the written language skills of gifted children (GC). The objective of the present study was to evaluate reading abilities of GC vs. normative data from typically developing French children (TDC). Like English, French is considered to be an opaque language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>GC completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and a battery of language tests. Only children with a score two standard deviations (SD) above the norm were included. GC with current or past academic difficulties or specific learning disorders were excluded. The GC\u2019s scores were compared with TDC\u2019s normative scores for language tests in a chi-square-test and corrected for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-five GC were included. The highest GC\u2019s mean scores were for the WISC\u2019s Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) and the lowest for the Processing Speed Index (from more than two SDs to one SD higher above the TDC\u2019s normative scores). GC were between 1.3 and 4.7 times more likely than TDC to achieve a high score. After correction, the distributions of the GC\u2019s and TDC\u2019s scores differed significantly with regard to spoonerism, phoneme deletion, and rapid automatic naming (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), word and sentence repetition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.007), and the reading of meaningful text (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). GC and TDC did not differ significantly for reading meaningless texts and spelling accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As described in the literature, the GC in the present study had heterogeneous scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. The GC performed better than TDC in assessments of the underlying skills of reading and when reading of meaningful texts. This advantage was lost in the absence of context, as shown by the lack of significant GC vs. TDC differences for reading meaningless texts and for spelling accuracy. Hence, GC presented a heterogeneous profile with regard to the underlying skills of reading and reading abilities. The present data should help to improve our understanding of GC\u2019s reading skills. In particular, it is now essential to determine which written language tests and which score thresholds are appropriate for identifying specific learning disorders in GC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1436710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T04:46:13Z","timestamp":1727325973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Do gifted children without specific learning disabilities read more efficiently than typically developing children?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"Lesecq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Querne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Gornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Buffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Corbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Gaelle","family":"Le Moing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Berquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Bourdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"APA dictionary of psychology. Coping strategy","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.08.001","article-title":"The relationship of intelligence to executive function and non-executive function measures in a sample of average, above average, and gifted youth","volume":"22","author":"Arffa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103358","article-title":"Explaining the high working memory capacity of gifted children: contributions of processing skills and executive control","volume":"218","author":"Aubry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"129","article-title":"Vers un enseignement de la compr\u00e9hension des textes","volume-title":"L\u2019apprentissage de la lecture","author":"Bianco","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"129","article-title":"The role of working memory in reading disability","volume-title":"Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman","author":"Brady","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721000515","article-title":"Neuropsychological profile of intellectually gifted children: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Bucaille","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1580284","article-title":"A cross-linguistic, longitudinal study of the foundations of decoding and Reading comprehension ability","volume":"23","author":"Caravolas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3917\/bupsy.485.0469","article-title":"Identification multidimensionnelle du haut potentiel: Mise au point d\u2019une version fran\u00e7aise des \u00e9chelles d\u2019\u00e9valuation des caract\u00e9ristiques de comportement des \u00e9l\u00e8ves surdou\u00e9s","volume":"485","author":"Caroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bullet. Psychol. Num\u00e9ro"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Lecture et dyslexie: approche cognitive","author":"Col\u00e9","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.411","article-title":"The science of Reading progresses: communicating advances beyond the simple view of Reading","volume":"56","author":"Duke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Read. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"147","volume-title":"\u00c9chelle de vocabulaire en images Peabody (EVIP), Adaptation fran\u00e7aise du Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Manuel pour les formes A et B, Toronto","author":"Dunn","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573520978111","article-title":"Why questionable assessment practices remain popular in school psychology: instructional materials as pedagogic vehicles","volume":"36","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Orthographier","author":"Fayol","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref19","author":"Gavard","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-56872007000300010","article-title":"Mem\u00f3ria de trabalho, consci\u00eancia fonol\u00f3gica e hip\u00f3tese de escrita","volume":"19","author":"Gindri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pr\u00f3-Fono Rev. Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"221","article-title":"Au-del\u00e0 du QI: donner du sens au bilan intellectuel","volume-title":"Psychologie du haut potentiel","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104","article-title":"Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability","volume":"7","author":"Gough","year":"1986","journal-title":"Remedial Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14375\/NP.9782804709594","article-title":"Chapitre 1. Le WISC-V, outil d\u2019examen clinique de l\u2019intelligence","volume-title":"WISC-V: Examen clinique de l\u2019intelligence de l\u2019enfant","author":"Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"La constellation des dys: Bases neurologiques de l\u2019apprentissage et de ses troubles","author":"Habib","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.06.005","article-title":"Socio-emotional and cognitive resilience in children with reading disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Haft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1999.84.3c.1139","article-title":"Correlations between scores for Peabody picture vocabulary test\u2014III and the Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014III","volume":"84","author":"Hodapp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0016986217752107","article-title":"A Meta-analysis of gifted and talented identification practices","volume":"62","author":"Hodges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gifted Child Quart."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1763","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1763","article-title":"Twice-exceptionality unmasked: a systematic narrative review of the literature on identifying dyslexia in the gifted child","volume":"30","author":"Kranz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"271","article-title":"La dispersion intra-individuelle et le profil des scores dans les QI \u00e9l\u00e9v\u00e9s","volume":"154","author":"Labouret","year":"2018","journal-title":"ANAE"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2021.1983820","article-title":"Cognitive precursors of Reading: a cross-linguistic perspective","volume":"26","author":"Landerl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref9001","author":"Launay","year":"","journal-title":"EVALEO 6-15 \u2013 Batterie d\u2019\u00e9valuation du 387 langage oral et du langage \u00e9crit chez les sujets de 6 \u00e0 15 ans. Ortho-edition"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"93","article-title":"EVALEO 6-15 \u2013 Batterie d\u2019\u00e9valuation du langage oral et du langage \u00e9crit chez les sujets de 6 \u00e0 15 ans","volume":"273","author":"Launay","year":"","journal-title":"R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Orthop."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"LeloupG. LaunayL. WitkoA. 2022"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurenf.2007.06.003","article-title":"Psychom\u00e9trie et WISC IV: Quel avenir pour l\u2019identification des enfants \u00e0 haut potentiel intellectuel?","volume":"55","author":"Liratni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Enfance Adolesc."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prps.2011.01.006","article-title":"Profils psychom\u00e9triques de 60 enfants \u00e0 haut potentiel au WISC IV","volume":"18","author":"Liratni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395112","article-title":"Structural invariance in the associations of naming speed, phonological awareness, and verbal reasoning in good and poor readers: a test of the double deficit hypothesis","volume":"8","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057179","article-title":"Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological Unity","volume":"291","author":"Paulesu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4074\/S0013754510001035","article-title":"Le WISC-IV permet-il d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019identification des enfants \u00e0 haut potentiel?","volume":"2010","author":"Pereira-Fradin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Enfance"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000184","article-title":"Phonological skills, visual attention span, and visual stress in developmental dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Saksida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Relations entre langage oral et langage \u00e9crit dans les troubles sp\u00e9cifiques du d\u00e9veloppement du langage oral","volume-title":"Les dysphasies: de l\u2019\u00e9valuation \u00e0 la r\u00e9\u00e9ducation","author":"Schelstraete","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859","article-title":"Foundation Literacy Acquisition in European Orthographies","volume":"94","author":"Seymour","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000037","article-title":"Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: a meta-analysis and review","volume":"142","author":"Snowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Apprendre \u00e0 lire: contr\u00f4le, automatismes et auto-apprentissage","volume-title":"L\u2019apprentissage de la lecture","author":"Sprenger-Charolles","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Progress in understanding Reading: Scientific foundations and new Frontiers","author":"Stanovich","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"265","article-title":"De la d\u00e9finition th\u00e9orique du haut potentiel intellectuel aux cons\u00e9quences pratiques","volume":"154","author":"Terriot","year":"2018","journal-title":"ANAE"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-015-0106-y","article-title":"Risk and protective factors in gifted children with dyslexia","volume":"65","author":"Van Viersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414538517","article-title":"High Reading skills mask dyslexia in gifted children","volume":"49","author":"Van Viersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 5","DOI":"10.1080\/2372966X.2020.1816804","article-title":"Assessing the psychometric utility of IQ scores: a tutorial using the Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2013fifth edition","volume":"51","author":"Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102846","article-title":"Gifted students","volume":"70","author":"Worrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-0965(03)00139-5","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia in different languages: language-specific or universal?","volume":"86","author":"Ziegler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of experimental child psychology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1436710\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T18:46:03Z","timestamp":1732819563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1436710\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1436710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1436710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"article-number":"1436710"}}