{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:25:31Z","timestamp":1753892731237,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many people with depression, for which self-blame plays a key role, are not amenable to current standard psychological treatments. This calls for novel self-guided interventions, which require less attention and motivation. The present study sought to establish proof-of-concept for a novel self-guided intervention in a non-clinical sample, which prompts people to transform self-blaming feelings into \u201clonging,\u201d as a related unpleasant, but presumably more adaptive and approach-related emotion, which plays a key role in many musical and literary genres but has been largely overlooked in clinical research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty nine participants with no previous self-reported history of mental disorders, but who experienced frequent feelings of self-blame were enrolled remotely (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f3 lost to follow-up). Self-blaming thoughts, along with depressive symptoms and other outcomes, were assessed pre- and post-intervention to determine the potential of the intervention, which consisted of creating a 10-min video starting with self-blame evoking materials, transitioning to sadness and finally longing. Participants were then asked to watch their video daily for 7\u202fdays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of participants lost to follow-up was low (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f3) and engagement with the intervention was very high. As predicted, the intervention significantly reduced depressive symptoms on our primary outcome measure (Beck\u2019s Depression Inventory, BDI-II, Cohen\u2019s <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.40) after 1 week. This was further confirmed by a reduction on the Maudsley-modified Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Unexpectedly, no changes were observed on the non-clinical measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized controlled trial design is needed to determine whether these symptom reductions were causally related to the intervention. Additionally, our findings may not generalize to men, due to our inability to recruit a sex-balanced sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As predicted, participants benefited from being prompted to transform self-blaming feelings into those related to longing which shows the feasibility and potential to be further developed in people with clinical depression. Our study highlights the adaptive potential of unpleasant approach-related emotions such as longing, which are rarely considered in standard psychotherapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1438896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T08:13:42Z","timestamp":1736237622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cLonging is good\u201d: proof-of-concept for a novel psychological intervention to tackle self-blaming emotions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nahed","family":"Lajmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suqian","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49","article-title":"Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation","volume":"87","author":"Abramson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed","year":"1994","key":"ref2"},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed)","year":"2013","key":"ref200"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12021","article-title":"No pain, no gain: depressed clients\u2019 experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy","volume":"52","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616628523","article-title":"A unified model of depression: integrating clinical, cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"volume-title":"Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II","year":"1996","author":"Beck","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2002.56.3.378","article-title":"Assessing guilt in adolescents with anorexia nervosa","volume":"56","author":"Berghold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychother."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420240104","article-title":"Negative affect and social judgment: the differential impact of anger and sadness","volume":"24","author":"Bodenhausen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.1.11","article-title":"Stepped care in psychological therapies: access, effectiveness and efficiency. Narrative literature review","volume":"186","author":"Bower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"5","article-title":"Attachment theory and its therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Bowlby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.51.2.541","article-title":"Memory deficits in depression: evidence utilizing the Wechsler memory scale","volume":"51","author":"Breslow","year":"1980","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198001)36:1<215::aid-jclp2270360127>3.0.co;2-6","article-title":"Induction of mood and mood shift","volume":"36","author":"Brewer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002105X","article-title":"The list of threatening experiences: a subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat","volume":"15","author":"Brugha","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.04.023","article-title":"Conceptualizations of guilt and the corresponding relationships to emotional ambivalence, self-disclosure, loneliness and alienation","volume":"47","author":"Bruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"volume-title":"Sadness is good - proof-of-concept for a novel psychological intervention to tackle self-blaming emotions","year":"2018","author":"Chanturishvili","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.6.1595","article-title":"Constraints on the effects of mood on memory","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00051-5","article-title":"Thought suppression produces a rebound effect with analogue post-traumatic intrusions","volume":"36","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-2472-1","article-title":"Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): psychometric properties of the online Spanish version in a clinical sample with emotional disorders","volume":"20","author":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.11.043","article-title":"Maladaptive blame-related action tendencies are associated with vulnerability to major depressive disorder","volume":"145","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.02.031","article-title":"Remote virtual reality assessment elucidates self-blame-related action tendencies in depression","volume":"161","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.04.003","article-title":"The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression","volume":"32","author":"Everaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0545-z","article-title":"Increasing the sensitivity of measures to change","volume":"16","author":"Fok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prevent. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-016-0068-9","article-title":"Acceptability and proof of concept of internet-delivered treatment for depression, anxiety, and stress in university students: protocol for an open feasibility trial","volume":"2","author":"Frazier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pilot Feasib. Stud."},{"year":"1953","author":"Freud","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ego and the id","volume-title":"The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud","year":"1923"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"159","article-title":"The economic problem of masochism","volume-title":"The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud","year":"1924"},{"volume-title":"Civilization and its discontents","year":"1930","author":"Freud","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.22.4.240","article-title":"Positive and negative affective states in a performance-related setting","volume":"22","author":"Gaudreau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710674105","article-title":"The effects of priming on frontal-temporal communication","volume":"105","author":"Ghuman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.10.046","article-title":"Interpersonal guilt and the dark triad","volume":"81","author":"Giammarco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"volume-title":"\u2018The moral emotions\u2019, in","year":"2003","author":"Haidt","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.953","article-title":"Development and validation of the Maudsley modified patient health questionnaire (MM-PHQ-9)","volume":"7","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych open"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112363","article-title":"Toward an assessment of escape\/avoidance coping in depression","volume":"381","author":"Haskell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30216-0","article-title":"Influence of baseline severity on the effects of SSRIs in depression: an item-based, patient-level post-hoc analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hieronymus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.11.1873","article-title":"Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar Spectrum disorder: the mood disorder questionnaire","volume":"157","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195313048.001.0001","volume-title":"The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder","author":"Horwitz","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721004797","article-title":"Self-blame in major depression: a randomised pilot trial comparing fMRI neurofeedback with self-guided psychological strategies","volume":"53","author":"Jaeckle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"145","article-title":"A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"1935","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychoanal."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"99","article-title":"Notes on some schizoid mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Klein","year":"1946","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychoanal."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"year":"1999","author":"Kroenke","key":"ref40"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.03.003","article-title":"Teasdale\u2019s differential activation hypothesis: implications for mechanisms of depressive relapse and suicidal behaviour","volume":"42","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"year":"2009","author":"Lee","key":"ref42"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.1.30","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory-II among Korean adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700056440","article-title":"Effect of depression on the speed of recall of pleasant and unpleasant experiences","volume":"5","author":"Lloyd","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.08.046","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in major depression","volume":"626","author":"Marazziti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2307\/1422552","article-title":"Toward the laboratory study of sadness and crying","volume":"97","author":"Marston","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.8.35985","article-title":"Understanding the intention-to-treat principle in randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"McCoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073915575406","article-title":"The appraisal Bias model of cognitive vulnerability to depression","volume":"7","author":"Mehu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47385-1","article-title":"Unveiling the influence of task-relevance of emotional faces on behavioral reactions in a multi-face context using a novel flanker-go\/no-go task","volume":"13","author":"Montalti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2018.1510381","article-title":"Demystifying the role of emotion in behaviour: toward a goal-directed account","volume":"33","author":"Moors","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.3.228","article-title":"Standardised assessment of personality \u2013 abbreviated scale (SAPAS): preliminary validation of a brief screen for personality disorder","volume":"183","author":"Moran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/000306518102900207","article-title":"The survivor syndrome: further observations and dimensions","volume":"29","author":"Niederland","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4679(199701)53:1<73::aid-jclp10>3.0.co;2-i","article-title":"Interpersonal guilt: the development of a new measure","volume":"53","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"49","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of a hindi version of positive-negative affect schedule","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01992","article-title":"The Rasch analysis of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in individuals with intellectual disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x","article-title":"Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process","volume":"8","author":"Pennebaker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.3.528","article-title":"Accelerating the coping process","volume":"58","author":"Pennebaker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030712","article-title":"Guilt, perceived injustice, and altruistic behavior","volume":"18","author":"Regan","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"127","article-title":"Factor structure of the Beck depression inventory-second edition (BDI-II) with Puerto Rican elderly","volume":"25","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2006","journal-title":"P. R. Health Sci. J."},{"year":"1965","author":"Rosenberg","key":"ref60"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.010","article-title":"Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care","volume":"128","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.12.2.175","article-title":"Empathic distress in the newborn","volume":"12","author":"Sagi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.035","article-title":"Trajectories of individual symptoms in remitters versus non-remitters with depression","volume":"151","author":"Sakurai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000109","article-title":"Finding Meaning in Nostalgia","volume":"22","author":"Sedikides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2006.00022.x","article-title":"The challenges of treating depression with exercise: from evidence to practice","volume":"13","author":"Seime","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Italian versions of the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory-II: psychometric properties and discriminant power","volume-title":"Leading-edge psychological tests and testing research","author":"Sica","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(86)90266-0","article-title":"Effects of depression and ECT on anterograde memory","volume":"21","author":"Steif","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"343","article-title":"Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms","volume-title":"Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride","author":"Tangney","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145","article-title":"Moral emotions and moral behavior","volume":"58","author":"Tangney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.3.469","article-title":"Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology","volume":"101","author":"Tangney","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2017.34.3.253","article-title":"Individual differences in music-perceived emotions: the influence of externally oriented thinking","volume":"34","author":"Taruffi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-264","article-title":"Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomised controlled trials: a simulation study","volume":"15","author":"Teare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1983.tb00597.x","article-title":"Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words","volume":"22","author":"Teasdale","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/07347332.2017.1309615","article-title":"Self-forgiveness is associated with reduced psychological distress in cancer patients and unmatched caregivers: Hope and self-blame as mediating mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Toussaint","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Oncol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(68)90028-4","article-title":"A laboratory task for induction of mood states","volume":"6","author":"Velten","year":"1968","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.346","article-title":"Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders","volume":"97","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.6.1093","article-title":"Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought","volume":"65","author":"Wegner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.1.5","article-title":"Paradoxical effects of thought suppression","volume":"53","author":"Wegner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.92.4.548","article-title":"An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion","volume":"92","author":"Weiner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"volume-title":"How psychotherapy works: Process and technique","year":"1993","author":"Weiss","key":"ref82"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.02.005","article-title":"Negative emotions towards others are diminished in remitted major depression","volume":"30","author":"Zahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"183","article-title":"The origins of guilt","volume":"36","author":"Zahn-Waxler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nebraska Sympos. Motiv."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.1.126","article-title":"Development of concern for others","volume":"28","author":"Zahn-Waxler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.019","article-title":"Lives without imagery - congenital aphantasia","volume":"73","author":"Zeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1438896\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T08:13:50Z","timestamp":1736237630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1438896\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1438896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1438896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"article-number":"1438896"}}