{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:41:17Z","timestamp":1790595677889,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has been widely studied across various populations, there is still no consensus on its factor structure. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the HADS in cancer patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study was cross-sectional and non-probabilistic. It involved 467 cancer patients aged 18\u202fyears and over, who were treated at a public institution specialized in oncology. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used. We evaluated their internal structure, measurement invariance, relationship with other variables, and reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was found that the HADS is best suited to a bifactorial structure where there is one general factor (emotional distress) and two specific factors (anxiety and depression). The HADS demonstrates invariance with respect to sex and years of education. It shows a moderate correlation with the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, it presents acceptable levels of reliability and relationship with instruments used in the diagnosis of anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HADS is best suited to a bifactorial structure in cancer populations, with comparisons across both sexes and varying levels of education. Its brevity, versatility, hospital-focused design, and extensive validation make the HADS a very important instrument in the detection of anxiety and depression in cancer patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1497946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T08:36:39Z","timestamp":1737448599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Vilela-Estrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Villarreal-Zegarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Copez-Lonzoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loida","family":"Esenarro-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Lamas-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ambrosio-Melgarejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Mahony","family":"Reategui-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480510027547","article-title":"Mood, anxiety and sense of humor in head and neck cancer patients in relation to disease stage, prognosis and quality of life","volume":"125","author":"Aarstad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"200","article-title":"Transdiagnostic treatment of co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive Disorders based on repetitive negative thinking: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Akbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-015-0051-4","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in an emergency department in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"15","author":"Al Aseri","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq750","article-title":"Defining hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) structure by confirmatory factor analysis: a contribution to validation for oncological settings","volume":"22","author":"Annunziata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1157\/13057542","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis factorial confirmatorio. Su utilidad en la validaci\u00f3n de cuestionarios relacionados con la salud","volume":"122","author":"Batista-Foguet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.016","article-title":"Multicenter study of the psychometric properties of the new demoralization scale (DS-II) in Spanish-speaking advanced Cancer patients","volume":"57","author":"Belar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.16888\/interd.2013.30.1.4","article-title":"Adaptaci\u00f3n para Buenos Aires de la Escala de Orientaciones Generales de Causalidad (General causality orientations scale - GCOS)","volume":"30","author":"Brenlla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interdisciplinaria"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-48082015000300003","article-title":"La Escala de Ansiedad y Depresi\u00f3n Hospitalaria (HAD) en fibromialgia: an\u00e1lisis de sensibilidad y especificidad","volume":"33","author":"Cabrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ter Psicol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00044-1","article-title":"How does the hospital and anxiety and depression scale measure anxiety and depression in healthy subjects?","volume":"118","author":"Caci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642008000500015","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n\/Review Propiedades Psicom\u00e9tricas de una Escala: la Consistencia Interna","volume":"10","author":"Campo-Arias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1264-0","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Danish hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with cardiac disease: results from the DenHeart survey","volume":"18","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008","article-title":"Latent structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: a 10-year systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Cosco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.15557\/PiPK.2020.0002","article-title":"Factorial validity, measurement invariance and concurrent validity of hospital anxiety and depression scale in a sample of polish undergraduate students","volume":"20","author":"Czerwi\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Psychol. Klin."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.32348\/1852.4206.v6.n1.6357","article-title":"\u00bfMatrices Polic\u00f3ricas\/Tetrac\u00f3ricas o Matrices Pearson? Un estudio metodol\u00f3gico","volume":"6","author":"Dominguez-Lara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Cienc. Comport."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.24016\/2017.v3n2.51","article-title":"\u00cdndices estad\u00edsticos de modelos bifactor","volume":"3","author":"Dominguez-Lara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interacciones"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1348\/014466500163121","article-title":"A confirmatory factor analysis of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: comparing empirically and theoretically derived structures","volume":"39","author":"Dunbar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby123","article-title":"Screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship","volume":"9","author":"Ehlers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191110384951","article-title":"Dimensionality of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in cardiac patients: comparison of Mokken scale analysis and factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Emons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200304000-00008","article-title":"Validation evidence for the French Canadian adaptation of the multidimensional fatigue inventory as a measure of Cancer-related fatigue","volume":"26","author":"Fillion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0594-3","article-title":"Testing gender invariance of the hospital anxiety and depression scale using the classical approach and Bayesian approach","volume":"23","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00309-2","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in a large French primary care population suffering from major depression","volume":"104","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210000256","article-title":"The structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in four cohorts of community-based, healthy older people: the HALCyon program","volume":"22","author":"Gale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.17711\/sm.0185-3325.2015.035","article-title":"Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresi\u00f3n (HADS) en una poblaci\u00f3n de pacientes oncol\u00f3gicos mexicanos","volume":"38","author":"Galindo V\u00e1zquez","year":"","journal-title":"Salud Ment."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_PSIC.2015.v12.n2-3.51016","article-title":"Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresi\u00f3n (HADS) en cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes con c\u00e1ncer: propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"12","author":"Galindo V\u00e1zquez","year":"","journal-title":"Psicooncolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(21)00395-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-8343(03)00043-4","article-title":"A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in a Spanish population","volume":"25","author":"Herrero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2516-5","article-title":"Fear of progression in patients 6 months after cancer rehabilitation\u2014a validation study of the fear of progression questionnaire FoP-Q-12","volume":"23","author":"Hinz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0728-6","article-title":"Assessment of depression severity with the PHQ-9 in cancer patients and in the general population","volume":"16","author":"Hinz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21888","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders","volume":"29","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.3747\/co.20.1302","article-title":"A pan-Canadian practice guideline and algorithm: screening, assessment, and supportive care of adults with cancer-related fatigue","volume":"20","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.008","article-title":"Transdiagnostic mechanisms in depression and anxiety: the role of rumination and attentional control","volume":"188","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0850-x","article-title":"Unidimensional scales for fears of cancer recurrence and their psychometric properties: the FCR4 and FCR7","volume":"16","author":"Humphris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1348\/135910709X432745","article-title":"A psychometric evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in cardiac patients: addressing factor structure and gender invariance","volume":"15","author":"Hunt-Shanks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-84","article-title":"A confirmatory bifactor analysis of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in an Italian community sample","volume":"12","author":"Iani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2010.0507","article-title":"Cancer symptom clusters: clinical and research methodology","volume":"14","author":"Kirkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4462","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in Spanish-speaking Latina cancer patients prior to starting chemotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2016.09.004","article-title":"The Chinese version of hospital anxiety and depression scale: psychometric properties in Chinese cancer patients and their family caregivers","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2011.07.016","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de las propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas del cuestionario de Detecci\u00f3n de Malestar Emocional (DME) en pacientes oncol\u00f3gicos","volume":"26","author":"Limonero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185287","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185287","article-title":"Rasch analysis of the hospital anxiety and depression scale among Chinese cataract patients","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035284","article-title":"Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the HADS: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"26","author":"Luciano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.23.1.6","article-title":"Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT","volume":"23","author":"Mansell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"435","article-title":"Structural validity and distress screening potential of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez L\u00f3pez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70975","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070975","article-title":"Problems in cross-cultural use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: \u201cno butterflies in the desert\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Maters","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-42","article-title":"Factor structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in Japanese psychiatric outpatient and student populations","volume":"7","author":"Matsudaira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2018.27.10.S18","article-title":"Assessing anxiety and depression in cancer patients","volume":"27","author":"Milligan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70002-X","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"69","article-title":"Statistics corner: a guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research","volume":"24","author":"Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Introducci\u00f3n a la Psicometr\u00eda: Teor\u00eda cl\u00e1sica y TRI","author":"Mu\u00f1iz","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2013.24","article-title":"Directrices para la traducci\u00f3n y adaptaci\u00f3n de los tests: segunda edici\u00f3n","volume":"2","author":"Mu\u00f1iz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.09.023","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the impact of event scale in Greek Cancer patients","volume":"33","author":"Mystakidou","year":"","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440802340172","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the Greek version of the state-trait anxiety inventory in cancer patients receiving palliative care","volume":"24","author":"Mystakidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2006.00728.x","article-title":"Beck depression inventory: exploring its psychometric properties in a palliative care population of advanced cancer patients","volume":"16","author":"Mystakidou","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-0164-0","article-title":"The factor structure of a polish language version of the hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS)","volume":"40","author":"Nezlek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.10.010","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale: a meta confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"74","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.03.004","article-title":"Transdiagnostic models of anxiety disorder: theoretical and empirical underpinnings","volume":"56","author":"Norton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.04.015","article-title":"Screening for anxiety and depression in dialysis patients: comparison of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the Beck depression inventory","volume":"73","author":"Preljevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00062.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"107","author":"Quintana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016049","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Ethiopian version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in HIV infected patients","volume":"6","author":"Reda","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000045","article-title":"Evaluating bifactor models: calculating and interpreting statistical indices","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos282","article-title":"Screening for major depressive disorder in adults with cerebral glioma: an initial validation of 3 self-report instruments","volume":"15","author":"Rooney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.044","article-title":"The suitability of the hospital anxiety and depression scale, distress thermometer and other instruments to screen for psychiatric disorders in both lung cancer patients and their partners","volume":"203","author":"Schellekens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00084-7","article-title":"Exploring the interconnectedness of fatigue, depression, anxiety and potential risk and protective factors in cancer patients: a network approach","volume":"43","author":"Schellekens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.11.1792","article-title":"Validation study for the Korean version of fear of Cancer recurrence inventory","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18392","article-title":"Screening for depression in adults: US preventive services task Force recommendation statement","volume":"315","author":"Siu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.05.017","article-title":"Validity and usefulness of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in Carers of people with dementia: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and measurement invariance in a large sample","volume":"25","author":"Stott","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4530","article-title":"Limited validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in dementia: evidence from a confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"32","author":"Stott","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.24875\/acme.M19000060","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in Mexican adults with ischemic and hypertensive cardiomyopathy","volume":"89","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Mendoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiol. Mex."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.31.2.172701","article-title":"Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) review in Spanish samples","volume":"31","author":"Terol-Cantero","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-019-0150-1","article-title":"Adaptation and validation of the memorial anxiety scale for prostate cancer (MAX-PC) in a sample of French men","volume":"3","author":"Touzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Patient Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2017.07","article-title":"Peruvian Mental health reform: a framework for scaling-up Mental health services","volume":"6","author":"Toyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1782-y","article-title":"Measurement properties of depression questionnaires in patients with diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"van Dijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e036777","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036777","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: a population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Villarreal-Zegarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872018000300300","article-title":"Assessment of a hospital anxiety and depression scale for cancer patients","volume":"146","author":"Villoria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chile"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.24016\/2020.v6n3.171","article-title":"Adaptation of the Beck anxiety inventory in population of Buenos Aires","volume":"6","author":"Vizioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interacciones"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp336","article-title":"Screening for emotional distress in Cancer patients: a systematic review of assessment instruments","volume":"101","author":"Vodermaier","year":"2009","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1251-4","article-title":"Accuracy of the hospital anxiety and depression scale as a screening tool in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Vodermaier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.08.008","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Urdu version of the hospital anxiety & depression scale for assessing antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Waqas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.022","article-title":"Trends in the incidence and DALYs of anxiety disorders at the global, regional, and national levels: estimates from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"297","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5078","article-title":"Association between anxiety, depression, and comorbid chronic diseases among cancer survivors","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00346","article-title":"Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Chinese version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in people living with HIV [original research]","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5651","DOI":"10.5867\/medwave.2013.03.5651","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in depression - proclivity in women","volume":"13","author":"Zarragoit\u00eda Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medwave"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1497946\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T14:45:13Z","timestamp":1738161913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1497946\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1497946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1497946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"article-number":"1497946"}}