{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:43:47Z","timestamp":1790999027695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prosocial, other-benefitting behavior is a fundamental aspect of human social behavior. In the <jats:italic>microsystem<\/jats:italic> of their natural social groups, preschool children have to decide not only whether, but also whom to share with and help on a daily basis. In a study with 108 preschool children from five different childcare facilities in Vienna, we examined how individual measures of dominance and popularity of both the actor and the recipient, as well as their friendship influenced their prosocial behavior in a group setting. We assessed popularity and friendship with age-appropriate sociometric interviews and tested two types of dominant behavior (i.e., contest and scramble) as well as two types of prosocial behavior (i.e., sharing and helping) in groups of familiar peers. Participants were tested in their regular socio-ecological niches, thereby preserving and taking into account social dynamics that influence\u2014and are influenced by\u2014interactions within the group. We found that both types of prosocial behavior were directed more often toward friends than toward children that were not considered as friends. Likelihood to share was increased by both the actor's and the recipient's dominance in the contest game. Furthermore, we found that helping was preferentially performed by as well as directed toward older children and that dominant children more frequently received help. Group size and testing sequence had some additional effects on sharing and helping. Our findings suggest that sharing and helping have similar as well as different antecedents and underlying motivations and depend on social relationships between the children. Such effects can be examined more effectively when taking a developmental-ecological approach and investigating prosocial behavior in children's natural social environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1478493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T07:06:57Z","timestamp":1739257617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preschoolers' prosocial behavior in groups\u2014Testing effects of dominance, popularity, and friendship"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Katerkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13237","article-title":"Children's inferences about friendship and shared preferences based on reported information","volume":"90","author":"Afshordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2020.1716724","article-title":"Validation of continuous measures of peer social interaction with self- and teacher-reports of friendship and social engagement","volume":"17","author":"Altman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"371","article-title":"\u201cFriendship in childhood and adolescence,\u201d","author":"Bagwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2307\/1129184","article-title":"Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior","volume":"52","author":"Berndt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/1130594","article-title":"Preschool children's food sharing with friends and acquaintances","volume":"57","author":"Birch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1127743","article-title":"Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood","volume":"45","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114","article-title":"\u201cThe bioecological model of human development,\u201d","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical Models of Human Development, 6th Edn"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.t01-1-.x-i1","article-title":"Becoming a social partner with peers: cooperation and social understanding in one- and two-year-olds","volume":"77","author":"Brownell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014033032440","article-title":"The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Carlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12094","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12094","article-title":"On the nature of toddlers' helping: helping or interest in others' activity?","volume":"24","author":"Carpendale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Dev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2014.926269","article-title":"How preschoolers use cues of dominance to make sense of their social environment","volume":"16","author":"Charafeddine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Dev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000164","article-title":"Children's allocation of resources in social dominance situations","volume":"52","author":"Charafeddine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(83)90028-6","article-title":"Dominance, friendship, and resource utilization in preschool children's groups","volume":"4","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ethol. Sociobiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001","article-title":"Empathy: gender effects in brain and behavior","volume":"46","author":"Christov-Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12217","article-title":"Ecological commitments: why developmental science needs naturalistic methods","volume":"11","author":"Dahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12639","article-title":"The motivational foundations of prosocial behavior from a developmental perspective\u2013evolutionary roots and key psychological mechanisms: introduction to the special section","volume":"87","author":"Davidov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00958","article-title":"A construct divided: prosocial behavior as helping, sharing, and comforting subtypes","volume":"5","author":"Dunfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0311","article-title":"\u201cProsocial development,\u201d","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2019.01.003","article-title":"Helping in young children and chimpanzees shows partiality towards friends","volume":"40","author":"Engelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617733830","article-title":"Concern for group reputation increases prosociality in young children","volume":"29","author":"Engelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"409","article-title":"Meta-analyses of age and sex differences in children's and adolescents' prosocial behavior","volume":"34","author":"Fabes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07155","article-title":"Egalitarianism in young children","volume":"454","author":"Fehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00876","article-title":"Developmental differences in prosocial behavior between preschool and late elementary school","volume":"10","author":"Flook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12367","article-title":"How do toddlers evaluate defensive actions toward third parties?","volume":"25","author":"Geraci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2350","article-title":"Some considerations for the developmental origin of the principle of fairness","volume":"31","author":"Geraci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2021.101315","article-title":"Preschoolers' evaluations of comforting actions towards third parties in different relationship contexts","volume":"77","author":"Geraci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(81)90035-2","article-title":"Altrusim in children: a naturalistic study of reciprocation and an examination of the relationship between social dominance and aid-giving behavior","volume":"2","author":"Ginsburg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ethol. Sociobiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2011.00484.x","article-title":"Like mother, like daughter? Analyzing maternal influences upon women's entrepreneurial propensity","volume":"37","author":"Greene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entrep. Theory Pract"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000236","article-title":"Children coordinate in a recurrent social dilemma by taking turns and along dominance asymmetries","volume":"53","author":"Grueneisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414550112","article-title":"Social status modulates prosocial behavior and egalitarianism in preschool children and adults","volume":"112","author":"Guinote","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Hartig\n              F.\n            \n          \n          DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-level\/Mixed) Regression Models (R package version 0.4.6)\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"106","article-title":"\u201cEvolution and peer relations: considering the functional roles of aggression and prosociality,\u201d","author":"Hawley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1998.0470","article-title":"The ontogenesis of social dominance: a strategy-based evolutionary perspective","volume":"19","author":"Hawley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250042000726","article-title":"Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers","volume":"26","author":"Hawley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00073-0","article-title":"Strategies of control, aggression, and morality in preschoolers: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"85","author":"Hawley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spec. Issue Evol. Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108876681.008","article-title":"\u201cProsocial behavior in infancy and early childhood,\u201d","author":"Hay","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Prosociality"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2022.101172","article-title":"Beyond the dichotomy between field and lab \u2014 the importance of studying cognition in context","volume":"46","author":"Horn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27468-0","article-title":"Social status and prenatal testosterone exposure assessed via second-to-fourth digit ratio affect 6\u20139-year-old children's prosocial choices","volume":"8","author":"Horn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12495","article-title":"An automated, data\u2013driven approach to children's social dynamics in space and time","volume":"18","author":"Horn","year":"","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106055","article-title":"Investigating the effects of prenatal testosterone exposure (via 2D:4D) and socio-relational factors on 3\u20136-year-old preschoolers' prosocial choices","volume":"195","author":"Horn","year":"","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2307\/1129908","article-title":"Patterns of friendship","volume":"54","author":"Howes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.2307\/1166062","article-title":"Peer interaction of young children","volume":"53","author":"Howes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2010.03.005","article-title":"Reciprocal effects of student\u2013teacher and student\u2013peer relatedness: effects on academic self efficacy","volume":"32","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"SI Teach. Classroom Soc. Dyn"},{"key":"B45","author":"Keppel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00112","article-title":"The prosocial personality and its facets: genetic and environmental architecture of mother-reported behavior of 7-year-old twins","volume":"6","author":"Knafo-Noam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(83)90030-4","article-title":"Dominance, attention, and affiliation in a preschool group: a nine-month longitudinal study","volume":"4","author":"La Freniere","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ethol. Sociobiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed0801_5","article-title":"Children's classroom peer relationships and early school attitudes: concurrent and longitudinal associations","volume":"8","author":"Ladd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.6.1008","article-title":"The child behavior scale: a teacher-report measure of young children's aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Ladd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105101","article-title":"Friendship is more than strategic reciprocity: preschoolers' selective sharing with friends cannot be reduced to strategic concerns","volume":"206","author":"Lenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.02.002","article-title":"Children use partial resource sharing as a cue to friendship","volume":"159","author":"Liberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615568998","article-title":"Beyond good and evil: what motivations underlie children's prosocial behavior?","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12032","article-title":"The role of sex of peers and gender-typed activities in young children's peer affiliative networks: a longitudinal analysis of selection and influence","volume":"84","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21800","article-title":"Cultural and ethnic bias in teacher ratings of behavior: A criterion-focused review","volume":"51","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"429","article-title":"\u201cPeer acceptance, peer rejection, and popularity: Social-cognitive and behavioral perspectives,\u201d","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02858-y","article-title":"Young children display an increase in prosocial donating in response to an upwards shift in generosity by a same-aged peer","volume":"7","author":"Messer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-017-9485-5","article-title":"Goal slippage: a mechanism for spontaneous instrumental helping in infancy?","volume":"38","author":"Michael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.19.6.856","article-title":"Social impact and social preference as determinants of children's peer group status","volume":"19","author":"Newcomb","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02264","article-title":"Does exposure to counterstereotypical role models influence girls' and women's gender stereotypes and career choices? A review of social psychological research","volume":"9","author":"Olsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0432-4","article-title":"What affects teacher ratings of student behaviors? The potential influence of teachers' perceptions of the school environment and experiences","volume":"15","author":"Pas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12066","article-title":"The emergence of prosocial behavior: why do infants and toddlers help, comfort, and share?","volume":"8","author":"Paulus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.09.003","article-title":"The multidimensional nature of early prosocial behavior: a motivational perspective","volume":"20","author":"Paulus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034169","article-title":"The development of recipient-dependent sharing behavior and sharing expectations in preschool children","volume":"50","author":"Paulus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2019.1679068","article-title":"Teacher and peer reports on preschoolers sociometric popularity","volume":"31","author":"Peceguina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2008.03.001","article-title":"The roles of aggressive and affiliative behaviors in resource control: a behavioral ecological perspective","volume":"28","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.121.1.54","article-title":"Social dominance in preschool classrooms","volume":"121","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20385","article-title":"Behavioral and social cognitive processes in preschool children's social dominance","volume":"37","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.10.008","article-title":"Competition as rational action: why young children cannot appreciate competitive games","volume":"116","author":"Priewasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol"},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2019.1012191","article-title":"Effects of play on the social development of preschool children","volume":"10","author":"Rauf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Creat. Educ"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2018.1439141","article-title":"An emerging developmental ecological psychology: future directions and potentials","volume":"30","author":"Read","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Psychol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02119","article-title":"Measuring prosocial tendencies in germany: sources of validity and reliablity of the revised prosocial tendency measure","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2010.00579.x","article-title":"Preschoolers' bistrategic resource control, reconciliation, and peer regard","volume":"20","author":"Roseth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Dev"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087427","article-title":"Effect sizes for experimenting psychologists","volume":"57","author":"Rosnow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canad. J. Exp. Psychol"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"23","article-title":"\u201cSocioethological\/developmental principles and perspectives on peer interactions, relationships, and groups from early childhood through adolescence,\u201d","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.10.014","article-title":"Preschoolers understand the normativity of cooperatively structured competition","volume":"143","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023223","article-title":"Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00223","article-title":"Gendered social worlds in preschool: dominance, peer acceptance and assertive social skills in boys' and girls' peer groups","volume":"12","author":"Sebanc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Dev"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12043","article-title":"Dyadic analyses of preschool-aged children's friendships: convergence and differences between friendship classifications from peer sociometric data and teacher's reports","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Dev"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100305108","article-title":"Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments","volume":"108","author":"Silk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174569161770863","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617708630","article-title":"Constraints on generality (COG): a proposed addition to all empirical papers","volume":"12","author":"Simons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108876681.003","article-title":"\u201cDevelopmental theories of prosociality,\u201d","author":"Spinrad","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Prosociality"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13420","article-title":"Children hold leaders primarily responsible, not entitled","volume":"92","author":"Stavans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.17.3.275","article-title":"Attention structure, sociometric status, and dominance: interrelations, behavioral correlates, and relationships to social competence","volume":"17","author":"Vaughn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed1003_7","article-title":"Friendship and popularity in preschool classrooms","volume":"10","author":"Walden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00227.x","article-title":"Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age","volume":"11","author":"Warneken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.06.002","article-title":"The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children","volume":"116","author":"Warneken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1478493\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T07:07:04Z","timestamp":1739257624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1478493\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1478493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1478493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"article-number":"1478493"}}