{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:24:08Z","timestamp":1793211848503,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In at-risk societies, the population of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) incidence is gradually expanding from veterans to the general public. In the face of the high incidence of PTSD, exercise therapy, as an economical and maneuverable treatment, has not received the attention it deserves. In this paper, the literature on PTSD symptom improvement through comb-climbing exercise interventions found that performing long-term exercise can achieve significant improvement in PTSD symptoms by modulating the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and immune system at the physiological level. Aerobic exercise (running, walking) is beneficial to the central nervous system and immune system; anaerobic exercise positively affects the autonomic nervous system, including resistance or strength endurance training; yoga, which focuses on flexibility and balance training, has a positive effect on the immune system. Future research should explore the neutral and negative effects and mechanisms of exercise on PTSD interventions. Expand more empirical studies in special occupational populations. And implement longitudinal intervention studies with PTSD patients to gain an in-depth understanding of PTSD intervention effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1483523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T01:40:58Z","timestamp":1737942058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Physiology mechanisms of exercise for PTSD: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongding","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2020.100130","article-title":"Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Alfaddagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amer. J. Prevent. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100695","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Aron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00117","article-title":"Yoga on our minds: a systematic review of yoga for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"3","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052449","article-title":"The interplay between autonomic nervous system and inflammation across systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"23","author":"Bellocchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Jpsychires.2021.05.033","article-title":"Stigmatizing attitudes toward psychiatric disorders: a cross-sectional population-based survey","volume":"139","author":"Blum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.4088\/Jcp.08m04638blu","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation with high-frequency and low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"71","author":"Boggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0707","article-title":"Reduced posterior hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"69","author":"Bonne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2017.1333033","article-title":"Exercise is medicine for mental health in military veterans: a qualitative commentary","volume":"10","author":"Caddic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exercise Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21920","article-title":"Inflamed by The flames? The impact of terrorism and war on immunity","volume":"27","author":"Canetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.01.005","article-title":"The stressed prefrontal cortex. Left? Right!","volume":"22","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12784","article-title":"Acute Exercise has a general facilitative effect on cognitive function: a combined Erp temporal dynamics and Bdnf study","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12010003","article-title":"Hippocampal volumes in patients with chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Childress","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01505-6","article-title":"Cerebral function in posttraumatic stress disorder during verbal working memory updating: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00285","article-title":"Sex differences in the neural correlates of specific and general autobiographical memory","volume":"10","author":"Comp\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22253","article-title":"Psychobiological responses to aerobic Exercise in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"31","author":"Crombie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2020.100366","article-title":"Aerobic exercise reduces anxiety and fear ratings to threat and increases circulating endocannabinoids in women with and without PTSD","volume":"20","author":"Crombie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105355","article-title":"Exercise-induced increases in anandamide and Bdnf during extinction consolidation contribute to reduced threat following reinstatement: preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Crombie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700263X","article-title":"Diminished medial prefrontal Cortex activation during The recollection of stressful events is an acquired characteristic of Ptsd","volume":"48","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.018","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors and regulation of mood: role of Exercise, diet and metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Duman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.02.013","article-title":"A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders","volume":"59","author":"Duman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis in Ptsd: pathophysiology and treatment interventions","volume":"89","author":"Dunlop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1661-18.2019","article-title":"Lactate mediates The effects of Exercise on learning and memory through Sirt 1-dependent activation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf)","volume":"13","author":"El Hayek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435","article-title":"Mental health consequences of disasters","volume":"35","author":"Emily","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of Hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103653","article-title":"Reduced amygdala and ventral striatal activity to happy faces in Ptsd is associated with emotional numbing","volume":"9","author":"Felmingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effect of aerobic Exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"6","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in acute Exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?","volume":"12","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801531","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.801531","article-title":"Effects of acute moderate-and high-intensity aerobic Exercise on oxygenation in prefrontal Cortex of male methamphetamine-dependent patients","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00298","article-title":"The role of the medial prefrontal Cortex in The conditioning and extinction of fear","volume":"9","author":"Giustino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of Exercise: mechanisms and implications for The prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6131.78178","article-title":"Effect of integrated yoga practices on immune responses in examination stress - a preliminary study","volume":"4","author":"Gopal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12931","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12931","article-title":"Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews?","volume":"48","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.06.005","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise improves hippocampal function and increases Bdnf in The serum of young adult males","volume":"104","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.012","article-title":"Exercise effects on depression: possible neural mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Gujral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00133","article-title":"Exercise intervention in PTSD: a narrative review and rationale for implementation","volume":"10","author":"Hegberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.162","article-title":"Integrating endocannabinoid signaling and cannabinoids into The biology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"43","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806920971377","article-title":"Plastic changes in amygdala subregions by voluntary running contribute to Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia in neuropathic pain model mice","volume":"16","author":"Kami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417739152","article-title":"Determining Psychoneuroimmunologic markers of yoga as an intervention for persons diagnosed with Ptsd: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130051","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and immune system interactions","volume":"4","author":"Kenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3742","article-title":"Ptsd symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing Exercise: randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Socscimed.2018.12.001","article-title":"Toward understanding mental illness stigma and help-seeking: a social identity perspective","volume":"222","author":"Klik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.12.002","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise, but not flexibility\/resistance Exercise, reduces serum Il-18, Crp, and Il-6 independent of \u0392-blockers, Bmi, and psychosocial factors in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Kohut","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01405-2","article-title":"Emotional numbing in Ptsd is associated with lower amygdala reactivity to pain","volume":"47","author":"Korem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3989304","article-title":"Multiannual, intensive strength-endurance training modulates The activity of The cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system among rowers of The international level","volume":"2019","author":"Kowalik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0251-3","article-title":"The role of anterior insular Cortex in social emotions","volume":"214","author":"Lamm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000354910","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and Cardiometabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.021","article-title":"Altered central Micro-opioid receptor binding after psychological trauma","volume":"61","author":"Liberzon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/Jamapsychiatry.2016.3783","article-title":"Association of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in The World Health Organization world mental health surveys. JAMA","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1803307","article-title":"Motor behavior-induced prefrontal Cortex activation and episodic memory function","volume":"132","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00821-2","article-title":"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"400","author":"Maercker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.07.011","article-title":"Co-morbidity of Ptsd and immune system dysfunction: opportunities for treatment","volume":"29","author":"Neigh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274269","article-title":"Baroreflex dysfunction and augmented sympathetic nerve responses during mental stress in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"595","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20451253211049921","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253211049921","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Petrosino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7376-5_11","article-title":"Ptsd, Immune System, And Inflammation","volume":"1411","author":"Pivac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00782-9","article-title":"Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in Ptsd: an integrative review","volume":"20","author":"Quinones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2166-y","article-title":"The effect of 4-week training period on plasma neuropeptide Y, leptin and ghrelin responses in male rowers","volume":"112","author":"R\u00e4mson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.61.6.984","article-title":"Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative National Sample of Women","volume":"61","author":"Resnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/S41582-022-00635-8","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits","volume":"18","author":"Ressler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104743","DOI":"10.1016\/J.Neubiorev.2022.104743","article-title":"Brain stimulation and other biological non-pharmacological interventions in mental disorders: an umbrella review","volume":"139","author":"Rosson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Multimodal imaging investigation of therapeutic mechanisms of Exercise in Parkinson\u2019S disease: Effects on dopamine release, ventral striatal activity and Neuroinflammation","author":"Sacheli","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7905387","article-title":"Affective modulation after high-intensity Exercise is associated with prolonged Amygdalar-insular functional connectivity increase","volume":"2020","author":"Schmitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000876","article-title":"Moderated mediation for Exercise maintenance in pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Scioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038039","article-title":"A quantitative Meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"141","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113043","article-title":"Physical Exercise ameliorates psychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunctions by hippocampal mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"322","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00211","article-title":"MAP training my brain\u2122: meditation plus aerobic Exercise lessens trauma of sexual violence more than either activity alone","volume":"12","author":"Shors","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2017.1395313","article-title":"The unique roles of emotional numbing and arousal symptoms in relation to social connectedness among military veterans in residential treatment for Ptsd","volume":"81","author":"Sippel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.010","article-title":"Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers","volume":"51","author":"Smid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011943","article-title":"Environmental enrichment induces behavioral recovery and enhanced hippocampal cell proliferation in an antidepressant-resistant animal model for Ptsd","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.06.020","article-title":"Chronic Exercise decreases sensitivity to mu opioids in female rats: correlation with Exercise output","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab102","article-title":"Prefrontal plasticity after a 3-month Exercise intervention in older adults relates to enhanced cognitive performance","volume":"31","author":"Soshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199600240-00011","article-title":"Exercise Training and the Cross-Stressor Adaptation Hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Sothmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S155903","article-title":"Systemic low-grade inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Speer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0670fje","article-title":"Exercise and Il-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced Tnf-\u0391 production in humans","volume":"17","author":"Starkie","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E115","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.46","article-title":"Hypervigilance for fear after basolateral amygdala damage in humans","volume":"2","author":"Terburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6","article-title":"The insular cortex","volume":"195","author":"The","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1024\/2674-0052\/a000034","article-title":"Psychological violence victimization with moral injury in sports exacerbates PTSD symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Toyoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/Da.23159","article-title":"Defining focal brain stimulation targets for Ptsd using neuroimaging","volume":"38","author":"Van Rooij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00308","article-title":"Participation in outdoor recreation program predicts improved psychosocial well-being among veterans with PostTraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study","volume":"178","author":"Vella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht124","article-title":"Insular Cortex mediates increased pain tolerance in yoga practitioners","volume":"24","author":"Villemure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241763","article-title":"Outdoor recreational activity experiences improve psychological wellbeing of military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: positive findings from a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.07.008","article-title":"Exercise behavior and gender-related differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"33","author":"Whitworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2016.1255603","article-title":"A Meta-analysis of The relationship between symptom severity of posttraumatic stress disorder and executive function","volume":"22","author":"Woon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkac017","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkac017","article-title":"Sports injury and stressor-related disorder in competitive athletes: a systematic review and a new framework","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15057","DOI":"10.1038\/Nrdp.2015.57","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"1","author":"Yehuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000114","article-title":"Trauma clinicians\u2019 views of physical exercise as part of PTSD and complex PTSD treatment: a qualitative study","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Mental Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1483523\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T01:41:02Z","timestamp":1737942062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1483523\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1483523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1483523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"article-number":"1483523"}}