{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T21:22:10Z","timestamp":1786310530429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we review the extensive and complex fabric of literature concerning the ontogenesis of spatial representations from earliest childhood to the elderly, including normal and abnormal aging (dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease). We also revisit fundamental concepts of the neuronal representations of space, egocentric vs. allocentric reference frames, and path integration. We highlight a thread of contradictions in spatial cognition from infant cognition to the first breakthrough at around the age of four. The contradictions reemerge in the literature on age-related decline in spatial cognition. We argue that these contradictions derive from the incorrect assumption that path integration is exclusively associated with allocentric frames of references, hence, signatures of path integration are often taken as evidence for allocentric perspective-taking. We posit that several contradictions in the literature can be resolved by acknowledging that path integration is agnostic to the type of reference frame and can be implemented in both egocentric and allocentric frames of reference. By freeing the frames of reference from path integration, we arrive at a developmental trajectory consistent across cognitive development studies, enabling us to ask questions that may dissolve the obscurity of this topic. The new model also sheds light on the very early stage of spatial cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1521487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:38:48Z","timestamp":1747201128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Navigating space and the developing mind"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adrienn R\u00e9ka","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Stoji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Nadasdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.14.3.224","article-title":"Development of spatial orientation in infancy","volume":"14","author":"Acredolo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48911.x","article-title":"Behavioral approaches to spatial orientation in infancy","volume":"608","author":"Acredolo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016","article-title":"Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration","volume":"45","author":"Addis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.026","article-title":"Do visual perspective tasks need theory of mind?","volume":"30","author":"Aichhorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922","article-title":"Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex","volume":"25","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(93)90206-E","article-title":"Coordinate transformations in the representation of spatial information","volume":"3","author":"Andersen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210802077348","article-title":"Age-related neural activity during allocentric spatial memory","volume":"17","author":"Antonova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016923","article-title":"Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states?","volume":"116","author":"Apperly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635207001593","article-title":"Multimodal sensory integration and concurrent navigation strategies for spatial cognition in real and artificial organisms","volume":"6","author":"Arleo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7044.108.2.308","article-title":"Absence of snapshot memory of the target view interferes with place navigation learning by rats in the water maze","volume":"108","author":"Arolfo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.21015-8","article-title":"Memory for space, time, and episodes","volume-title":"Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference","author":"Asem","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.08.002","article-title":"Assessing the mechanism of response in the retrosplenial cortex of good and poor navigators","volume":"49","author":"Auger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2201540119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201540119","article-title":"Aesthetic experience enhances first-person spatial representation","volume":"119","author":"Babo-Rebelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro.2006.17.1-2.71","article-title":"The boundary vector cell model of place cell firing and spatial memory","volume":"17","author":"Barry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0718-z","article-title":"Age-related preference for geometric spatial cues during real-world navigation","volume":"4","author":"B\u00e9cu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.2002.0250","article-title":"Spatial cognition and scale: A child\u2019s perspective","volume":"22","author":"Bell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.1.219","article-title":"Do animals have cognitive maps?","volume":"199","author":"Bennett","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079585","article-title":"Functional implications of ubiquitous semicircular canal non-orthogonality in mammals","volume":"8","author":"Berlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200826","article-title":"Computing the direction of heading from affine image flow","volume":"70","author":"Beusmans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0336-9","article-title":"Neuronal vector coding in spatial cognition","volume":"21","author":"Bicanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba1394","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1394","article-title":"Unmasking selective path integration deficits in Alzheimer's disease risk carriers. Science","volume":"6","author":"Bierbrauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2335","article-title":"The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing","volume":"9","author":"Bird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.083246","article-title":"Testing cognitive navigation in unknown territories: homing pigeons choose different targets","volume":"216","author":"Blaser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"3","article-title":"The global demography of aging","volume-title":"Handbook of the economics of population aging","author":"Bloom","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00202","article-title":"Editorial: spatial navigation: memory mechanisms and executive function interactions","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.05.010","article-title":"Developmental time course of the acquisition of sequential egocentric and allocentric navigation strategies","volume":"107","author":"Bullens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.10.005","article-title":"Spatial memory: how egocentric and allocentric combine","volume":"10","author":"Burgess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00830-9","article-title":"The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory","volume":"35","author":"Burgess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.1.S49","article-title":"Navigation and the mobility of older drivers","volume":"54","author":"Burns","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.006","article-title":"Using grid cells for navigation","volume":"87","author":"Bush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8869","article-title":"Space and time in the brain","volume":"358","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3304","article-title":"Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system","volume":"16","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.340","article-title":"Remembering the past and imagining the future: a neural model of spatial memory and imagery","volume":"114","author":"Byrne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(99)00077-3","article-title":"How to select a frail elderly population? A comparison of three working definitions","volume":"52","author":"Chin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1209-15.2015","article-title":"There and back again: Hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex track homing distance during human path integration","volume":"35","author":"Chrastil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1167\/8.6.1153","article-title":"Testing models of path integration in a triangle completion task","volume":"8","author":"Chrastil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610302","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.610302","article-title":"Severe dementia predicts weight loss by the time of death","volume":"12","author":"Ciciliati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-505850-6.50008-6","article-title":"Space, time, semantics and the child","volume-title":"Cognitive development and Acquisition of Language","author":"Clark","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.07.003","article-title":"The role of crawling and walking experience in infant spatial memory","volume":"89","author":"Clearfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00200-8","article-title":"Invertebrate perception: measuring depth intervals through path integration and vision","volume":"13","author":"Collett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220000168","article-title":"How do insects use path integration for their navigation?","volume":"83","author":"Collett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.012","article-title":"Egocentric and allocentric spatial reference frames in aging: A systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf0941","article-title":"Organizing conceptual knowledge in humans with a gridlike code","volume":"352","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-1047(88)90338-x","article-title":"Caudate nucleus and memory for egocentric localization","volume":"49","author":"Cook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-50-3-4-327","article-title":"Developing spatial knowledge in the absence of vision: Allocentric and egocentric representations generated by blind people when supported by auditory cues","volume":"50","author":"Corazzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0031-x","article-title":"Spatial navigation deficits - overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease?","volume":"14","author":"Coughlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213272","article-title":"Virtual navigation tested on a mobile app is predictive of real-world wayfinding navigation performance","volume":"14","author":"Coutrot","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002009","article-title":"No need for a cognitive map: decentralized memory for insect navigation","volume":"7","author":"Cruse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm200410283511822","article-title":"Drug therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"351","author":"Cummings","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3898","article-title":"Spatial representations of self and other in the hippocampus","volume":"359","author":"Danjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv061","article-title":"Changes in search path complexity and length during learning of a virtual water maze: age differences and differential associations with hippocampal subfield volumes","volume":"26","author":"Daugherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.044","article-title":"A virtual water maze revisited: two-year changes in navigation performance and their neural correlates in healthy adults","volume":"146","author":"Daugherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12602","article-title":"Navigational experience and the preservation of spatial abilities into old age among a tropical forager-farmer population","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.1.57","article-title":"Use of hippocampal and amygdalar volumes on magnetic resonance imaging to predict dementia in cognitively intact elderly people","volume":"63","author":"den Heijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.126","article-title":"The episodic memory system: Neurocircuitry and disorders","volume":"35","author":"Dickerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.187252","article-title":"The potential of virtual reality for spatial navigation research across the adult lifespan","volume":"222","author":"Diersch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg081","article-title":"The aging Hippocampus: cognitive, biochemical and structural findings","volume":"13","author":"Driscoll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00005.2017","article-title":"The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory","volume":"117","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113369","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00803","article-title":"A critical review of the allocentric spatial representation and its neural underpinnings: toward a network-based perspective","volume":"8","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl079","article-title":"Differential parahippocampal and retrosplenial involvement in three types of visual scene recognition","volume":"17","author":"Epstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4656","article-title":"The cognitive map in humans: spatial navigation and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Epstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10173","article-title":"Path integration in mammals","volume":"14","author":"Etienne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2019.1630278","article-title":"Spatial orientation assessment in preschool children: egocentric and allocentric frameworks","volume":"10","author":"Fernandez-Baizan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5684-07.2008","article-title":"What grid cells convey about rat location","volume":"28","author":"Fiete","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00648","article-title":"Are all spatial reference frames egocentric? Reinterpreting evidence for Allocentric, object-centered, or world-centered reference frames","volume":"9","author":"Filimon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1722","article-title":"Evidence for the use of magnetic map information by an amphibian","volume":"62","author":"Fischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28831-7_15","article-title":"Optical flow estimation","volume-title":"Handbook of mathematical models in computer vision","author":"Fleet","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.03.005","article-title":"The two-visual-systems hypothesis and the perspectival features of visual experience","volume":"35","author":"Foley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012097322806","article-title":"Young children\u2019s spatial representations developed through exploration of a desktop virtual reality scene","volume":"5","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00094","article-title":"Spatial navigation in young versus older adults","volume":"5","author":"Gazova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0039-3","article-title":"Impaired path integration in mice with disrupted grid cell firing","volume":"21","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07284.2001","article-title":"Dentate gyrus and ca1 ensemble activity during spatial reference frame shifts in the presence and absence of visual input","volume":"21","author":"Gothard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.232.4752.861","article-title":"The locale map of honey bees: do insects have cognitive maps?","volume":"232","author":"Gould","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010039705798","article-title":"Self, world and space: the meaning and mechanisms of ego- and allocentric spatial representation","volume":"1","author":"Grush","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Mind"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Differential aging of the human striatum: a prospective MR imaging study","volume":"19","author":"Gunning-Dixon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref6800","article-title":"The Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant","author":"Guyer","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03721","article-title":"Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"436","author":"Hafting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00297","article-title":"Spatial representations in the human brain","volume":"12","author":"Herweg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611314104","article-title":"Spatial navigation deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"104","author":"Hort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz116","article-title":"Differentiation of mild cognitive impairment using an entorhinal cortex-based test of virtual reality navigation","volume":"142","author":"Howett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Teaching children with autism to mind-read: A practical guide for teachers and parents","author":"Howlin","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90015-7","article-title":"Mental rotation and the perspective problem","volume":"4","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609810902010043","article-title":"Visuospatial memory in healthy elderly, AD and MCI: A review","volume":"2","author":"Iachini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.032","article-title":"Does blindness affect egocentric and allocentric frames of reference in small and large scale spaces?","volume":"273","author":"Iachini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05371.x","article-title":"Retrosplenial and hippocampal brain regions in human navigation: complementary functional contributions to the formation and use of cognitive maps","volume":"25","author":"Iaria","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.08.040","article-title":"Age differences in the formation and use of cognitive maps","volume":"196","author":"Iaria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.23-13-05945.2003","article-title":"Cognitive strategies dependent on the hippocampus and caudate nucleus in human navigation: variability and change with practice","volume":"23","author":"Iaria","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0939-3","article-title":"Recalibration of path integration in hippocampal place cells","volume":"566","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.12.029","article-title":"Cognitive map in patients with mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A computer-generated arena study","volume":"200","author":"Jheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.10.016","article-title":"Allothetic orientation and sequential ordering of places is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: corresponding results in real space tests and computer tests","volume":"159","author":"Kalov\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"81","article-title":"The critic of pure reason","volume-title":"The Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant","author":"Kant","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402573","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1402573","article-title":"Impairment of entorhinal cortex network activity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Karimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00087","article-title":"Objective spatial coding by 6.5-month-old infants in a visual dishabituation task","volume":"2","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref94","volume-title":"Space, structuring, figure: A prehistoric legacy. History and pedagogy of mathematics, Jul 2016","author":"Keller","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-0277(03)00064-7","article-title":"Limits on theory of mind use in adults","volume":"89","author":"Keysar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503863112","article-title":"Memory, scene construction, and the human hippocampus","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300869110","article-title":"Contrasting effects on path integration after hippocampal damage in humans and rats","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011445624332","article-title":"Age differences in adults' spatial abilities, learning environmental layout, and wayfinding behavior","volume":"2","author":"Kirasic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-69342-4_1","article-title":"Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations: definitions, distinctions, and interconnections","volume":"1404","author":"Klatzky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.10.001","article-title":"What do we know about aging and spatial cognition? Reviews and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Klencklen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12359","article-title":"Knowing minds: linking early perspective taking and later metacognitive insight","volume":"39","author":"Kloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1126\/science.644324","article-title":"A neural map of auditory space in the owl","volume":"200","author":"Knudsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00240","article-title":"Learning of spatial properties of a large-scale Virtual City with an interactive map","volume":"13","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22181","article-title":"Decreased functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in the hippocampus in favor of the caudate nucleus in older adults tested in a virtual navigation task","volume":"23","author":"Konishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.003","article-title":"Correlates of virtual navigation performance in older adults","volume":"39","author":"Korthauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190792","article-title":"The social sense: susceptibility to others' beliefs in human infants and adults","volume":"330","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3008","article-title":"A new neural framework for visuospatial processing","volume":"12","author":"Kravitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac8128","article-title":"Reduced grid-cell\u2013like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"350","author":"Kunz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2015.14.3.99","article-title":"Wandering in Dementia","volume":"14","author":"Kwak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dementia Neurocognitive Disorders"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.4.512","article-title":"Geometric complexity and object search in infancy","volume":"24","author":"Landau","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2349-5","article-title":"Two systems of spatial representation underlying navigation","volume":"206","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.037","article-title":"The aging navigational system","volume":"95","author":"Lester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-0277(02)00009-4","article-title":"Turning the tables: language and spatial reasoning","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.005","article-title":"Spatial memory and navigation in ageing: A systematic review of MRI and fMRI studies in healthy participants","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-3445.122.1.73","article-title":"Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: assessment of path integration ability","volume":"122","author":"Loomis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"125","article-title":"Human navigation by path integration","volume-title":"Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes","author":"Loomis","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.4.683","article-title":"Environmental topography and postural control demands shape aging-associated decrements in spatial navigation performance","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f6vd\u00e9n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref118","volume-title":"The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology","author":"Luria","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040","article-title":"Building concepts one episode at a time: the hippocampus and concept formation","volume":"176","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bica.2016.02.001","article-title":"Towards real-world capable spatial memory in the LIDA cognitive architecture","volume":"16","author":"Madl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.921","article-title":"Knowing where and getting there","volume":"280","author":"Maguire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.070039597","article-title":"Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers","volume":"97","author":"Maguire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07079.1995","article-title":"Interactions between location and task affect the spatial and directional firing of hippocampal neurons","volume":"15","author":"Markus","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/193758671100400207","article-title":"Wayfinding for people with dementia: A review of the role of architectural design","volume":"4","author":"Marquardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Environ. Res. Design J."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.1.173","article-title":"Deciphering the hippocampal polyglot: the hippocampus as a path integration system","volume":"199","author":"McNaughton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1932","article-title":"Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'","volume":"7","author":"McNaughton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.2.190","article-title":"\"Dead reckoning,\" landmark learning, and the sense of direction: a neurophysiological and computational hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"McNaughton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0574","article-title":"Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired vector memories","volume":"55","author":"Menzel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408550102","article-title":"Honey bees navigate according to a map-like spatial memory","volume":"102","author":"Menzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4557-0","article-title":"Familiar environments enhance object and spatial memory in both younger and older adults","volume":"234","author":"Merriman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410100402","article-title":"A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect","volume":"10","author":"Mesulam","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0132","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of cognitive memory. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London","volume":"352","author":"Mishkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Series B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1132673","article-title":"How to enhance route learning and visuospatial working memory in aging: a training for residential care home residents","volume":"21","author":"Mitolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68616-0_29","article-title":"Homing by path integration","volume-title":"Avian navigation. Proceedings in life sciences","author":"Mittelstaedt","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9120-3","article-title":"Aging and spatial navigation: what do we know and where do we go?","volume":"19","author":"Moffat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.011","article-title":"Age differences in the neural systems supporting human allocentric spatial navigation","volume":"27","author":"Moffat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.116.5.851","article-title":"Effects of age on virtual environment place navigation and allocentric cognitive mapping","volume":"116","author":"Moffat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57207-4_21","article-title":"Scale and multiple psychologies of space","volume":"716","author":"Montello","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Comp. Sci."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103427.003.0011","article-title":"A new framework for understanding the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in large-scale environments","volume-title":"Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems","author":"Montello","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/297681a0","article-title":"Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions","volume":"297","author":"Morris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723","article-title":"Place cells, grid cells, and the brain's spatial representation system","volume":"31","author":"Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Neurosc."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.07.003","article-title":"Not all is lost in older adults' route learning: the role of visuo-spatial abilities and type of task","volume":"47","author":"Muffato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5287","article-title":"Path integration in desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis","volume":"85","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.09.005","article-title":"Differential developmental trajectories for egocentric, environmental and intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory","volume":"101","author":"Nardini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.05.003","article-title":"A viewpoint-independent process for spatial reorientation","volume":"112","author":"Nardini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90012-3","article-title":"Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception","volume":"9","author":"Navon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.186460","article-title":"Navigation and the developing brain","volume":"222","author":"Newcombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13733","article-title":"Entorhinal-based path integration selectively predicts midlife risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(76)90055-8","article-title":"Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat","volume":"51","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90358-1","article-title":"The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat","volume":"34","author":"O'Keefe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref152","volume-title":"The Hippocampus as a cognitive map","author":"O'Keefe","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3474","article-title":"Social place-cells in the bat hippocampus","volume":"359","author":"Omer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00298","article-title":"Cognitive aging and the Hippocampus in older adults","volume":"8","author":"O'Shea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2013.795513","article-title":"Processing speed in normal aging: effects of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume loss","volume":"21","author":"Papp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cognit."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.019","article-title":"The effect of Alzheimer's disease on spatial navigation strategies","volume":"64","author":"Parizkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.2.299","article-title":"Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2402509121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2402509121","article-title":"Parallel vector memories in the brain of a bee as foundation for flexible navigation","volume":"121","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010270","article-title":"Gait analysis under spatial navigation task in elderly people\u2014a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Pawlaczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00407-008-0030-1","article-title":"Ehrenfest\u2019s adiabatic theory and the old quantum theory, 1916\u20131918","volume":"63","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Hist. Exact Sci."},{"key":"ref162","volume-title":"The child\u2019s conception of space","author":"Piaget","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref163","volume-title":"The child's conception of space","author":"Piaget","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref164","first-page":"479","article-title":"The caudate nucleus egocentric localization system","volume":"32","author":"Potegal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2018.09.005","article-title":"Do infants understand false beliefs? We don't know yet \u2013 A commentary on Baillargeon, Buttelmann and Southgate's commentary","volume":"48","author":"Poulin-Dubois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2004.10.016","article-title":"Is egocentric space automatically encoded?","volume":"118","author":"Pouliot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref9001","first-page":"247","article-title":"Cognitive maps in wolves and men","volume-title":"Environmental design research","author":"Peters","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081097","article-title":"The development of human navigation in middle childhood: A narrative review through methods, terminology, and fundamental stages","volume":"12","author":"Pullano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.2011.02061.x","article-title":"Do infants have a theory of mind?","volume":"30","author":"Rakoczy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1571.001.0001","volume-title":"Beyond the cognitive map","author":"Redish","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(1997)7:1<15::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Cognitive maps beyond the hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"Redish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.10.013","article-title":"Remembering from any angle: the flexibility of visual perspective during retrieval","volume":"20","author":"Rice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consciousness Cogn."},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.2307\/1129334","article-title":"Spatial orientation of six-month-old infants","volume":"50","author":"Rieser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68025-y","article-title":"Flexible use of allocentric and egocentric spatial memories activates differential neural networks in mice","volume":"10","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1871-1774(06)01002-3","article-title":"The disappearance of space and time","volume-title":"The ontology of Spacetime","author":"Rovelli","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.08.001","article-title":"Do infants really understand false belief? Response to Leslie","volume":"9","author":"Ruffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5176-8","article-title":"Congenital blindness limits allocentric to egocentric switching ability","volume":"236","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05900.1997","article-title":"Path integration and cognitive mapping in a continuous attractor neural network model","volume":"17","author":"Samsonovich","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0716-0","article-title":"Mentalizing or submentalizing in a communication task? Evidence from autism and a camera control","volume":"22","author":"Santiesteban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125572","article-title":"Conjunctive representation of position, direction, and velocity in entorhinal cortex","volume":"312","author":"Sargolini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-05-01818.1998","article-title":"Spatial firing of hippocampal place cells in blind rats","volume":"18","author":"Save","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0735-7044.110.1.74","article-title":"Effects of lesions of the associative parietal cortex on the acquisition and use of spatial memory in egocentric and allocentric navigation tasks in the rat","volume":"110","author":"Save","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article jeb 188912","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.188912","article-title":"Origin and role of path integration in the cognitive representations of the hippocampus: computational insights into open questions","volume":"222","author":"Savelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20511","article-title":"Influence of boundary removal on the spatial representations of the medial entorhinal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Savelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210001493","article-title":"The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia","volume":"22","author":"Scherder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03061-1_4","article-title":"An affine optical flow model for dynamic surface reconstruction","volume-title":"Statistical and geometrical approaches to visual motion analysis","author":"Schuchert","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00712","article-title":"Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies","volume":"7","author":"Schurz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.357","article-title":"Egocentric and Allocentric spatial memory for body parts: A virtual reality study","volume":"7","author":"Serino","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cogn."},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082","article-title":"Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London","volume":"298","author":"Shallice","year":"1982","journal-title":"Series B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0758","article-title":"Systems of spatial reference in human memory","volume":"43","author":"Shelton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805414105","article-title":"Neural basis of the cognitive map: path integration does not require hippocampus or entorhinal cortex","volume":"105","author":"Shrager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2407(08)60007-5","article-title":"The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments","volume":"10","author":"Siegel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Adv. Child Dev. Behav."},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166466","article-title":"Representation of geometric borders in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"322","author":"Solstad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226226","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1226226","article-title":"Neuropsychology of the parietal lobe: Luria's and contemporary conceptions","volume":"17","author":"Souza-Couto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812700988_0001","article-title":"Development of the concepts of space, time and space-time from Newton to Einstein","volume-title":"100 years of relativity","author":"Stachel","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.22.4.11","article-title":"Spatiotopic and retinotopic memory in the context of natural images","volume":"22","author":"Steinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.08.052","article-title":"An anatomically constrained model for path integration in the bee brain","volume":"27","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2.464","article-title":"Pure topographic disorientation due to right retrosplenial lesion","volume":"49","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177169","article-title":"Cortical brain volume abnormalities associated with few or multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Tascone","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.10-02-00420.1990","article-title":"Head-direction cells recorded from the postsubiculum in freely moving rats. I. Description and quantitative analysis","volume":"10","author":"Taube","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L69","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/14\/4\/002","article-title":"On the dimensionality of spacetime","volume":"14","author":"Tegmark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Classical Quantum Gravity"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/23276","article-title":"Memory for places learned long ago is intact after hippocampal damage","volume":"400","author":"Teng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","article-title":"Cognitive maps in rats and men","volume":"55","author":"Tolman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00646","article-title":"Reference frames in virtual spatial navigation are viewpoint dependent","volume":"8","author":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201017","article-title":"Egocentric and Allocentric spatial memory in mild cognitive impairment with real-world and virtual navigation tasks: A systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Tuena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.09.031","article-title":"Neuroscience: how is three-dimensional space encoded in the brain?","volume":"21","author":"Ulanovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref208","first-page":"549","article-title":"Two cortical visual systems","volume-title":"Analysis of visual behavior","author":"Ungerleider","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195113990.001.0001","volume-title":"Leibniz and Clarke: A study of their correspondence","author":"Vailati","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00904","article-title":"Visual spatial cue use for guiding orientation in two-to-three-year-old children","volume":"4","author":"van den Brink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101020","article-title":"How age relates to spatial navigation performance: functional and methodological considerations","volume":"58","author":"van der Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060776","article-title":"Development of landmark use for navigation in children: effects of age, sex, working memory and landmark type","volume":"12","author":"van Hoogmoed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1171","article-title":"Development of spatial cognition","volume":"3","author":"Vasilyeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00089","article-title":"Neural correlates of spatial navigation changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"8","author":"Vl\u010dek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0952-y","article-title":"Building a cognitive map by assembling multiple path integration systems","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01961-7","article-title":"Human spatial representation: insights from animals","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1669","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1669","article-title":"Getting LOST: A conceptual framework for supporting and enhancing spatial navigation in aging. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews","volume":"15","author":"Weisberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.012","article-title":"Hippocampal volume and navigational ability: the map (ping) is not to scale","volume":"126","author":"Weisberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.12.024","article-title":"Everyday taxi drivers: do better navigators have larger hippocampi?","volume":"115","author":"Weisberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208794","article-title":"Failure to demonstrate short-cutting in a replication and extension of Tolman et al.'s spatial learning experiment with humans","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4705-04.2005","article-title":"Dissociable Retrosplenial and hippocampal contributions to successful formation of survey representations","volume":"25","author":"Wolbers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00571","article-title":"Challenges for identifying the neural mechanisms that support spatial navigation: the impact of spatial scale","volume":"8","author":"Wolbers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096583","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe roles in human path integration","volume":"9","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620979185","article-title":"Age-related changes in spatial navigation are evident by midlife and differ by sex","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21494","article-title":"Human neural systems underlying rigid and flexible forms of allocentric spatial representation","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1521487\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1747201136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1521487\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":222,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1521487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1521487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"article-number":"1521487"}}