{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:32:21Z","timestamp":1787643141521,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent developments in the field of social cognition have led to a renewed interest in basic and social emotion recognition in early stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and FrontoTemporal Dementia (FTD). Despite the growing attention to this issue, only few studies have attempted to investigate emotion recognition using both visual and vocal stimuli. In addition, recent studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the extent of impairment in patients in the early stages of these diseases. The present study aims to investigate emotion understanding (both basic and social emotions), using different tasks with visual and auditory stimuli, to identify supramodal deficits in AD and FTD to provide a reliable tool to better outline their behavioral and emotional profile and useful instruments for their management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen patients with AD and 15 patients with FTD were included in the study. Healthy control (HCs) subjects were recruited to obtain normative data for basic emotion recognition tests and social emotion recognition tasks. To evaluate basic emotion recognition, the Facial Emotion Recognition Battery (FERB) and the Emotional Prosody Recognition Battery (EPRB) were administered. To evaluate social emotion recognition, the Faux Pas (FP), Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME), and Reading the Mind in the Voice (RMV) tests were employed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FTD patients performed significantly worse than HCs in most of the subtests of the basic emotion recognition batteries, where, instead, AD patients were significantly impaired only when required to match emotional facial expression in different individuals (subtask of the FERB). Moreover, FTD patients scored significantly lower in RME and RMV tests compared both to AD patients and to HCs. In addition, ADs were selectively impaired in RMV as respect to HCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>FTD patients showed deficits in emotion recognition, affecting both basic and social emotions, whether conveyed through facial expressions or prosody. This result may explain the well-known social behavioral difficulties observed in FTD patients from the early stages of the disease. The fewer and specific deficits in AD patients with comparable MMSE scores may be attributed to the mild degree of impairment, as these deficits may appear later in the progression of AD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1535722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T13:05:06Z","timestamp":1738933506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding basic and social emotions in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Sola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Casadio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Carpentiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Tondelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausta","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Frigio","family":"Nichelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Benuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1017","article-title":"Frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a neuropsychological study","volume":"27","author":"Abbruzzese","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.012","article-title":"Neuroanatomical and neurochemical bases of theory of mind","volume":"49","author":"Abu-Akel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.001","article-title":"Theory of mind ability in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: an analysis of the neural, cognitive, and social levels","volume":"48","author":"Adenzato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01399-6","article-title":"Social cognition and the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Adolphs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/30982","article-title":"The human amygdala in social judgment","volume":"393","author":"Adolphs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/372669a0","article-title":"Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala","volume":"372","author":"Adolphs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00989-7","article-title":"Emotional prosody recognition is impaired in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Amlerova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1884","article-title":"Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition","volume":"7","author":"Amodio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0971-9","article-title":"Recognition of emotions from visual and prosodic cues in Parkinson's disease","volume":"29","author":"Ariatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006","article-title":"False-belief understanding in infants","volume":"14","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1997"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023035012436","article-title":"Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism","volume":"29","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715","article-title":"The \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism","volume":"42","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00098","article-title":"A comparison of facial emotion processing in neurological and psychiatric conditions","volume":"3","author":"Bediou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Contribution to Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Benton","year":"1983"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2004.03.005","article-title":"Impaired fear processing in right mesial temporal sclerosis: a fMRI study","volume":"63","author":"Benuzzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000023","article-title":"How preserved is emotion recognition in Alzheimer disease compared with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia?","volume":"29","author":"Bertoux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.01.027","article-title":"Recognition of emotions from faces and voices in medial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Bonora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988716640375","article-title":"Meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: comparison with Alzheimer disease and healthy controls","volume":"29","author":"Bora","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geriatric Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199910000-00002","article-title":"Depressed patients' perceptions of facial emotions in depressed and remitted states are associated with relapse: a longitudinal study","volume":"187","author":"Bouhuys","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nervous Mental Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3390","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3390","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition is associated with executive functions and depression scores, but not staging of dementia, in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Bu\u00e7g\u00fcn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2010.513038","article-title":"Mapping levels of theory of mind in Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Castelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Mental Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90222-6","article-title":"Basal ganglia and cerebellum contributions to vocal emotion processing as revealed by high-resolution fMRI","volume":"11","author":"Ceravolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175221082834","article-title":"Emotion processing dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: an overview of behavioral findings, systems neural correlates, and underlying neural biology","volume":"37","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer. Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2012.675427","article-title":"Visual scanning patterns and executive function in relation to facial emotion recognition in aging","volume":"20","author":"Circelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. Sect. B Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel\u2013now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2012.701641","article-title":"Impaired emotion processing from vocal and facial cues in frontotemporal dementia compared to right hemisphere stroke","volume":"19","author":"Dara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.09.027","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition and its correlation with executive functions in bipolar I patients and healthy controls","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6032","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6032","article-title":"Affective theory of mind in people with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease","volume":"38","author":"de Lucena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000478","article-title":"Empathy and theory of mind in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Demichelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09457-1","article-title":"Evaluation of discriminative detection abilities of social cognition measures for the diagnosis of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Dodich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch3","article-title":"\u201cBasic emotions,\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Cognition and Emotion","author":"Ekman","year":"1999"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.005","article-title":"Impaired recognition of negative facial emotions in patients with frontotemporal dementia","volume":"43","author":"Fernandez-Duque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0005","article-title":"Social cognition","volume":"363","author":"Frith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.12.023","article-title":"Metacognition of emotion recognition across neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"137","author":"Garcia-Cordero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0252-5","article-title":"The \u2018reading the mind in the voice' test-revised: a study of complex emotion recognition in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions","volume":"37","author":"Golan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.12.008","article-title":"Social cognition differentiates behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from other neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders","volume":"26","author":"Gossink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1392","article-title":"The voices of wrath: brain responses to angry prosody in meaningless speech","volume":"8","author":"Grandjean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf079","article-title":"Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications","volume":"125","author":"Gregory","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90116-K","article-title":"Facial emotion discrimination: II. Behavioral findings in depression","volume":"42","author":"Gur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs227","article-title":"The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10096-y","article-title":"Emotion recognition of morphed facial expressions in presymptomatic and symptomatic frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"268","author":"Jiskoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl027","article-title":"The voice of emotion: an FMRI study of neural responses to angry and happy vocal expressions","volume":"1","author":"Johnstone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1934","article-title":"The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces","volume":"361","author":"Kanwisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12223","article-title":"Social cognition and social functioning in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"15","author":"Kessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.05.022","article-title":"Assessing the \u201csocial brain\u201d in dementia: applying TASIT-S","volume":"93","author":"Kumfor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067457","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of emotion recognition deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"8","author":"Kumfor","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571760","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00091","article-title":"Facial emotion recognition and its neuroanatomical correlates in elderly Korean adults with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2019.1710112","article-title":"The relationship between theory of mind and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Lucena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318064f445","article-title":"Perception of emotions on happy\/sad chimeric faces in Alzheimer disease: relationship with cognitive functions","volume":"21","author":"Luzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00423.x","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination: a normative study in Italian elderly population","volume":"3","author":"Magni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Euro. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610212001482","article-title":"Relative preservation of the recognition of positive facial expression \u201chappiness\u201d in Alzheimer disease","volume":"25","author":"Maki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer. Dement."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.020","article-title":"Understanding the minds of others: a neuroimaging meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Molenberghs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcp.2020.01.002","article-title":"Recognition of musical emotions in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"50","author":"Orjuela-Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"WAIS-R. Contributo alla taratura italiana","author":"Orsini","year":"1997"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030544","article-title":"The role of hub and spoke regions in theory of mind in early Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"10","author":"Orso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90051-7","article-title":"John thinks what Mary thinks that...: attribution of second order false belief by 5- to 10-years old children","volume":"39","author":"Perner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24025","article-title":"Emotional processing in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"P\u00e9ron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf225","article-title":"Emotion comprehension in the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"125","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.012","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired recognition of emotion in dementia","volume":"44","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015497629971","article-title":"Reading the mind in the voice: a study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism","volume":"32","author":"Rutherford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"CBA-2.0 Scale Primarie: Manuale. Una batteria a largo spettro per l'assessment psicologico","author":"Sanavio","year":"1986"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.023","article-title":"Emotion and attention interactions in social cognition: brain regions involved in processing anger prosody","volume":"28","author":"Sander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.001","article-title":"Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: comparisons and convergence","volume":"21","author":"Schirmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01610","article-title":"An evaluation of neurocognitive models of theory of mind","volume":"6","author":"Schurz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.021","article-title":"Dissociable prefrontal networks for cognitive and affective theory of mind: a lesion study","volume":"45","author":"Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"27","article-title":"\u201cThe Italian versions of the beck anxiety inventory and the beck depression inventory-II: psychometric properties and discriminant power,\u201d","volume-title":"Leading-Edge Psychological Tests and Testing Research","author":"Sica","year":"2007"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562942","article-title":"Faux Pas recognition test (adult version)","volume":"10","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.12.010","article-title":"Social judgments from faces","volume":"23","author":"Todorov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20150009","article-title":"Facial expression recognition in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study","volume":"73","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1443-09.2009","article-title":"Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance","volume":"29","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00679-2","article-title":"Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust","volume":"40","author":"Wicker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000105","article-title":"Executive functions and social cognition in highly lethal self-injuring patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Disord."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.04.001","article-title":"Selective impairments in components of affective prosody in neurologically impaired individuals","volume":"124","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0618-3","article-title":"The relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functions in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their siblings","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-023-00031-0","article-title":"A conceptual framework of cognitive-affective theory of mind: towards a precision identification of mental disorders","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Mental Health Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1535722\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T13:05:12Z","timestamp":1738933512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1535722\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1535722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1535722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"article-number":"1535722"}}