{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:25:11Z","timestamp":1753892711623,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current significant suicide rate reflects the urgency of addressing mental health problems among young people. At the same time, social support and self-esteem are key factors affecting young people\u2019s mental health and suicide risk. Therefore, this study aims to explore the variations in perceived social support among youth using a latent profile analysis approach and examine its association with self-esteem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Questionnaires were distributed using a simple random sampling technique in Shenzhen and Shaoguan, Guangdong Province. Data were collected using the multidimensional perceived social support scale and the self-esteem scale, and descriptive analysis and potential profile analysis were performed using SPSS and R.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study identified three potential categories of perceived social support: \u201cHigh Social Support\u201d (55.7%), \u201cHigh Friend Support and Moderate Social Support\u201d (34.35%), and \u201cLow Social Support\u201d (9.95%), and young people who work in the service industry, are widowed, have two or more children, and have high academic achievement are likely to have worse perceived social support. Self-esteem was positively related to the categories of perceived social support, and the group with low social support had the lowest self-esteem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most young people have a high level of perceived social support, but a low perceived social support group needs more attention and help. It is suggested that both social support and self-esteem should be paid attention to maintain young people\u2019s mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T17:02:18Z","timestamp":1750784538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latent profiles of youth social support: a study on variations and their impact on self-esteem"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanjiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053221144442","article-title":"Social support profiles correlate with depressive symptoms among Chinese parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent profile analysis","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.22281","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki\u2014Revisions for the 21st Century","volume":"333","author":"Bierer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.11.005","article-title":"Suicidal thoughts and behaviors increased among young adults. Why?","volume":"57","author":"Blader","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"volume-title":"Self-esteem at work: Research, theory, and practice","year":"1988","author":"Brockner","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021341","article-title":"Implicit self-esteem: nature, measurement, and a new way forward","volume":"100","author":"Buhrmester","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.149","article-title":"General psychopathology factor in Chinese adolescents and its correlation with trans-diagnostic protective psycho-social factors","volume":"361","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106440","article-title":"ACEs and mental health problems as suicidality predictors in Mexican adolescents","volume":"150","author":"Casas-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20779-3_12","article-title":"Social support and crime","volume-title":"Handbook on crime and deviance","author":"Chouhy","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/07418829400092421","article-title":"Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences","volume":"11","author":"Cullen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199111)47:6<756::AID-JCLP2270470605>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study","volume":"47","author":"Dahlem","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12718","article-title":"What makes university students perfectionists? The role of childhood trauma, emotional dysregulation, academic anxiety, and social support","volume":"62","author":"Dobos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167218802837","article-title":"Low self-esteem predicts indirect support seeking and its relationship consequences in intimate relationships","volume":"45","author":"Don","year":"2019","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3917\/RSI.129.0018","article-title":"Self-esteem: concept analysis","author":"Dor\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rech. Soins Infirm."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024228026022","article-title":"Anger in young black and white workers: effects of job control, dissatisfaction, and support","volume":"26","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/41.8.578","article-title":"How many clusters? Which clustering method? Answers via model-based cluster analysis","volume":"41","author":"Fraley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"year":"2012","author":"Fraley","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac039","article-title":"Social isolation, social support, and loneliness profiles before and after spousal death and the buffering role of financial resources","volume":"77","author":"Freak-Poli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322185","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1322185","article-title":"Perceived social support and characteristics of social networks of families with children with special healthcare needs following the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Geweniger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113452","article-title":"The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"293","author":"Grey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","year":"1998","author":"Hair","key":"ref20"},{"year":"1960","author":"Harman","first-page":"65","key":"ref21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1096082","article-title":"The mediating role of resilience between perceived social support and sense of security in medical staff following the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070630","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070630","article-title":"Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention","volume":"381","author":"Hughes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02361-4","article-title":"Autonomy versus support: self-reliance and help-seeking for mental health problems in young people","volume":"58","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11315-4","article-title":"Social activity promotes resilience against loneliness in depressed individuals: a study over 14-days of physical isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"318","article-title":"The self-esteem scale, SES (in Chinese)","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"131","article-title":"Perceived Social Support Scale, PSSS (in China). Manual for the mental health rating scale","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Beijing: Chinese J. Mental Health Press"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2019.01.029","article-title":"Relationship between mental health of nursing students and coping, self-esteem and social support","volume":"76","author":"Karaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2021.1892903","article-title":"Positive social support improves self-esteem among married women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"61","author":"Kazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01593-3","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in preadolescent children: a US population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280540000007","article-title":"Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: getting to the root of self-esteem","volume":"16","author":"Leary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0395-9","article-title":"Loneliness, stress, and social support in young adulthood: does the source of support matter?","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110723","article-title":"The impact of sources of perceived social support on readmissions in patients with heart failure","volume":"154","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2023.2216471","article-title":"Hippocampus links perceived social support with self-esteem","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336735","article-title":"Performance of factor mixture models as a function of model size, covariate effects, and class-specific parameters","volume":"14","author":"Lubke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646145","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.646145","article-title":"What type of social support is important for student resilience during COVID-19? A latent profile analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12176","article-title":"Is self-esteem a cause or consequence of social support? A 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"85","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106949","article-title":"Problematic social media use and social support received in real-life versus on social media: associations with depression, anxiety and social isolation","volume":"119","author":"Meshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz033","article-title":"Social support modulates the neural correlates underlying social exclusion","volume":"14","author":"Morese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.01.003","article-title":"Seeking social support and postpartum depression: a pilot retrospective study of perceived changes","volume":"71","author":"O'Neill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00409-1","article-title":"Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem","volume":"8","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1967961","article-title":"Social support moderates the relationship between interpersonal trauma and suicidal behaviors among college students","volume":"71","author":"Restrepo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Rosenberg self-esteem scale","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00978","article-title":"Tidy LPA: an R package to easily carry out latent profile analysis (LPA) using open-source or commercial software","volume":"3","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23482","article-title":"Relationships between educational achievement, intelligence, and perfectionism in adolescents with eating disorders","volume":"54","author":"Schilder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01676-1","article-title":"Perceived social support and quality of life among adolescents in residential youth care: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Singstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004710","article-title":"Practitioner's guide to latent class analysis: methodological considerations and common pitfalls","volume":"49","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2020.29","article-title":"Emotional dissonance in the Spanish services sector: the role of support in the workplace","volume":"23","author":"Sora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104566","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between perceived social support and symptom outcomes: findings from a sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"107","author":"Steine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17795-5","article-title":"Social anxiety and loneliness among older adults: a moderated mediation model","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2020.35","article-title":"How are social ties protective?","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.824781","article-title":"Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis","volume":"20","author":"Tein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Shortcoming and merits of Chinese version of Rosenberg (1965) self-esteem scale","author":"Tian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Explor."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"317","article-title":"Identifying the correct number of classes in growth mixture models","volume-title":"Advances in Latent Variable Mixture Models","author":"Tofighi","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001083","article-title":"How do aspects of selfhood relate to depression and anxiety among youth? A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Yeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054857","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1054857","article-title":"Linking perceived social support to self-esteem and social integration among adolescents with visual impairment: a cross-lagged study","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320500412199","article-title":"On the positive and negative effects of emotion work in organizations","volume":"15","author":"Zapf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24612-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences","author":"Zeigler-Hill","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538464\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T17:02:22Z","timestamp":1750784542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538464\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538464","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"article-number":"1538464"}}