{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:45:52Z","timestamp":1791333952087,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Application of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) within performance environments is increasing, however measures that assess irrational beliefs in specific populations are encouraged. A population that may benefit from REBT is sports officials. This paper reports the development, validation and reliability of the Irrational Beliefs Scale for Sports Officials (IBSSO). Item development was drawn from original items of the Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory (iPBI), then refined over three stages using an expert panel, novice panel and industry panel. Officials (<jats:italic>N\u202f=<\/jats:italic> 402; 349 male, 50 female, 3 undisclosed) from 11 sports (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> years\u2019 experience\u202f=\u202f13.02; <jats:italic>SD\u202f=<\/jats:italic> 10.24) completed the inventory, with exploratory factor analysis suggesting a 3, 4, and 5-factor model from 22 remaining items. A new sample of 154 officials (140 male, 12 female, 2 undisclosed) representing 9 sports (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> years\u2019 experience\u202f=\u202f14.61, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f11.96) completed the IBSSO, along with 6 other related measures (e.g., Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Affective Reactivity Index) to assess criterion validity. A four-factor model showed acceptable fit, with self-depreciation, peer rejection demands, emotional control demands, and approval identified as subscales, as well as a three-factor model. The IBSSO was positively correlated with the additional measures and negatively correlated with age, demonstrating concurrent validity. To assess convergent validity, 94 new officials (83 male, 10 female, 1 undisclosed; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic> 36.74\u202fyears, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f15.03) completed the IBSSO and iPBI simultaneously. The IBSSO was positively correlated with the iPBI, indicating convergent validity. Furthermore, 29 officials (25 male, 4 female, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> years\u2019 experience\u202f=\u202f14.57, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f12.44) completed the IBSSO over three-time points, with a repeated-measures MANCOVA and Intra-Class Coefficients confirming test\u2013retest reliability. The 16-item four-factor model was accepted based on statistical and theoretical fit. The paper presents a measure of irrational beliefs in sports officials, with investigation into the effectiveness of REBT with this population recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1571447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1744261947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development, validation, and reliability of the Irrational Beliefs Scale for Sports Officials (IBSSO)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Carrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin James","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie S.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbe","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830030102","article-title":"Symbolic psycho-logic: a model of attitudinal cognition","volume":"3","author":"Abelson","year":"1958","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Cognitive psychology and its implications","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"180","article-title":"Coping with acute stress among American and Australian basketball referees","volume":"19","author":"Anshel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sport Behav."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117694455","article-title":"The assessment of emotional reactivity across negative and positive emotions: development and validation of the Perth emotional reactivity scale (PERS)","volume":"26","author":"Becerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2014.985757","article-title":"Impact of expert teaching quality on novice academic performance in the jigsaw cooperative learning method","volume":"37","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-016-0238-y","article-title":"Validation of the general attitude and belief scale","volume":"34","author":"Bernard","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","article-title":"Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioural research: a primer","volume":"6","author":"Boateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1960","article-title":"Cronbach\u2019s alpha reliability: interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size","volume":"36","author":"Bonett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102167","article-title":"When time is of the essence: the use of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) informed single-session therapy (SST) to alleviate social and golf-specific anxiety, and improve wellbeing and performance, in amateur golfers","volume":"60","author":"Bowman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053622","article-title":"Decision-making processes in social contexts","volume":"43","author":"Bruch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp08X263794","article-title":"Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care","volume":"58","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.09.007","article-title":"Latent dimensions of social anxiety disorder: a re-evaluation of the social phobia inventory (SPIN)","volume":"36","author":"Campbell-Sills","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7352\/IJSP.2022.53.242","article-title":"Utilising experiential knowledge of elite match officials: recommendations to improve practice design for football referees","volume":"53","author":"Carrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-017-0270-6","article-title":"Effects of a REBT based training on children and teachers in primary school","volume":"36","author":"Caruso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1101646","article-title":"The influence of soccer match play on physiological and physical performance measures in soccer referees and assistant referees","volume":"34","author":"Castillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0033","article-title":"Effects of the off-season period on field and assistant soccer referees\u2019 physical performance","volume":"56","author":"Castillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"26","article-title":"Relationship between physical-physiological and psychological responses in amateur soccer referees","volume":"30","author":"Castillo-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02295","article-title":"Investigating irrational beliefs, cognitive appraisals, challenge and threat, and affective states in golfers approaching competitive situations","volume":"10","author":"Chadha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-018-0306-6","article-title":"The development and validation of the Thai-translated irrational performance beliefs inventory (T-iPBI)","volume":"37","author":"Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Quantitative psychological research: The complete student\u2019s companion","author":"Clark-Carter","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.21.4.567.886","article-title":"Sample size requirements for increasing the precision of reliability estimates: problems and proposed solutions","volume":"21","author":"Cocchetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811122-2.00004-8","article-title":"Social validity assessment","volume-title":"Applied behaviour analysis advanced guidebook","author":"Common","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN): new self-rating scale","volume":"176","author":"Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7275\/jyj1-4868","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-06-2018-0272","article-title":"Questionable research practices when using confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cred\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027403","article-title":"An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the big five personality traits","volume":"102","author":"Cred\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-016-0240-4","article-title":"Using rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) with mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes to reduce irrational beliefs and increase unconditional self-acceptance","volume":"34","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-005-0011-0","article-title":"A synopsis of rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT); fundamental and applied research","volume":"23","author":"David","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004217","article-title":"The brief social media scale: a psychometric evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Davidson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2016-0057","article-title":"The effects of REBT, and the use of credos, on irrational beliefs and resilience qualities in athletes","volume":"31","author":"Deen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Scale development: Theory and applications","author":"DeVellis","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238091","article-title":"The nature of irrational and rational beliefs: Progress in rational emotive behaviour theory","volume":"4","author":"DiGiuseppe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-020-00349-0","article-title":"The factor structure of the attitudes and beliefs scale 2: implications for rational emotive behaviour therapy","volume":"38","author":"DiGiuseppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"The development of a measure of irrational\/rational thinking. Presented at the world congress of behaviour therapy","author":"DiGiuseppe","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2018.1464055","article-title":"Stress appraisals of UK soccer academy coaches: an interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"10","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exerc. Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12106","article-title":"Referee bias","volume":"30","author":"Dohmen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Rational-emotive therapy: Fundamentals and innovations","author":"Dryden","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Rational emotive behaviour therapy: Distinctive features","author":"Dryden","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Attitudes in rational emotive behaviour therapy: Components, characteristics and adversity-related consequences","author":"Dryden","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203889084","volume-title":"The fundamentals of rational emotive behaviour therapy","author":"Dryden","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"38","article-title":"Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology","volume":"13","author":"Ellis","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Individ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Reason and emotion in psychotherapy","author":"Ellis","year":"1962"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"How to stubbornly refuse to make yourself miserable: About anything \u2013 Yes, anything!","author":"Ellis","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238185","article-title":"Responses to criticisms of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) by ray DiGiuseppe, frank bond, windy Dryden, Steve Weinrach, and Richard Wessler","volume":"14","author":"Ellis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"The myth of self-esteem: How rational emotive behaviour therapy can change your life forever","author":"Ellis","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"The practice of rational emotive behaviour therapy","author":"Ellis","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","article-title":"Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research","volume":"4","author":"Fabrigar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1504\/IJDATS.2022.121506","article-title":"Heywood cases: possible causes and solutions","volume":"14","author":"Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Anal. Tech. Strat."},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.02.008","article-title":"In favour of the synthetic resolution to the person-situation debate","volume":"43","author":"Fleeson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000069","article-title":"The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: decisions for scale development and validation","volume":"49","author":"Flora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1180419","article-title":"Beyond the technical: the role of emotion regulation in lacrosse officiating","volume":"35","author":"Friesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.08.003","article-title":"Towards a resolution of the personality triad: persons, situations, and behaviours","volume":"40","author":"Funder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15344\/2455-3867\/2021\/177","article-title":"Burnout in referees: relations with stress, cognitive appraisal, and emotions","volume":"7","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164406288165","article-title":"Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability what they are and how to use them","volume":"66","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-240X(199706)20:3<269::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Selection and use of content experts for instrument development","volume":"20","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-008-9098-4","article-title":"Commentary cautionary tale","volume":"74","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00025","article-title":"A conceptual model of referee efficacy","volume":"2","author":"Guill\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2020.1756198","article-title":"An analysis of literature on sport officiating research","volume":"92","author":"Hancock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410310001641502","article-title":"Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football","volume":"22","author":"Helsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2015-0109","article-title":"The psychological characteristics of performance under pressure in professional rugby union referees","volume":"30","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01178214","article-title":"Cognitive self-statements in depression: development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire","volume":"4","author":"Hollon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equat. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz032","article-title":"Accounting for missing data in statistical analyses: multiple imputation is not always the answer","volume":"48","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2013.839772","article-title":"Irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress responses: a rational emotive behaviour therapy approach","volume":"20","author":"Hyland","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014694","article-title":"Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations","volume":"14","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-013-0163-2","article-title":"Warrior resilience and thriving (WRT): rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) as a resiliency and thriving foundation to prepare warriors and their families for combat deployment and posttraumatic growth in operation Iraqi freedom, 2005-2009","volume":"31","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2020.1836673","article-title":"A systematic mapping review on the use of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) with athletes","volume":"16","author":"Jordana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"141","article-title":"Regularized exploratory factor analysis","volume-title":"New trends in psychometrics","author":"Jung","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.52589\/BJCE-FY266HK9","article-title":"Sample size determination in test-retest and Cronbach alpha reliability estimates","volume":"2","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brit. J. Contemp. Educ."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2021-0055","article-title":"Sport psychology consultants\u2019 views on working with perfectionistic elite athletes","volume":"6","author":"Klockare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2021.1891117","article-title":"Developing and testing the expanded sport Official\u2019s decision-making model","volume":"20","author":"Kostrna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"9","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref9001","author":"Law","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069945.001.0001","volume-title":"Emotion and adaptation","author":"Lazarus","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref81","author":"Lazarus","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"141","article-title":"Social phobia","volume-title":"Anxiety","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018741009293","article-title":"A brief assessment of irrational thinking: the shortened general attitude and belief scale","volume":"23","author":"Lindner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.33.2.270211","article-title":"The exploratory factor analysis of items: guided analysis based on empirical data and software","volume":"33","author":"Lloret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anales de Psicologia"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-016-0111-x","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the positive mental health scale (PMH-scale)","volume":"4","author":"Lukat","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000381","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between negative life events and depressive symptoms \u2013 a 9-year longitudinal study on between-person and within-person effects and the role of family history","volume":"121","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"Sports officials and officiating: Science and practice","author":"MacMahon","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.016","article-title":"The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation","volume":"110","author":"Madley-Dowd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102020","article-title":"Stress mindset in athletes: investigating the relationship between beliefs, challenge and threat with psychological wellbeing","volume":"57","author":"Mansell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.102098","article-title":"Developing decision making in rugby union match officials using rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)","volume":"58","author":"Maxwell-Keys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1800371","article-title":"Development and validation of the referee training activity questionnaire (RTAQ): towards a better understanding of the training practices of soccer officials","volume":"38","author":"McEwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000144","article-title":"Thanks coefficient alpha, we\u2019ll take it from here","volume":"3","author":"McNeish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1194524","article-title":"Key attributes of expert NRL referees","volume":"35","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"95","article-title":"Overcoming improper solution of second-order measurement model using AMOS","volume":"2","author":"Mustaffa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Humanit. Lang. Cult. Bus."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0904_8","article-title":"How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power","volume":"9","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"16","article-title":"Age differences in irrational beliefs, self-efficacy and self-confidence of adolescents in a Nigerian secondary school","volume":"46","author":"Ndika","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.53841\/bpssepr.2013.9.2.22","article-title":"The influence of stress and emotions on association football referee decision-making","volume":"9","author":"Neil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport Exerc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164402062001008","article-title":"Psychometric properties of shortened versions of the automatic thoughts questionnaire","volume":"62","author":"Netemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1265143","article-title":"Inconsistency of decision-making, the Achilles heel of referees","volume":"35","author":"Nevill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.6018\/cpd.468751","article-title":"Referees\u2019 emotions and performance perception: the importance of stress and cognitive appraisal","volume":"22","author":"Noguiera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"38","article-title":"Anxiety, unhealthy jealousy, and exercise avoidance: a rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) intervention","volume-title":"Rational emotive behaviour therapy in sport and exercise","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2009.08.007","article-title":"Alone against the crowd: individual differences in referees\u2019 ability to cope under pressure","volume":"31","author":"Page","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000471","article-title":"Can\u2019t make it better nor worse: an empirical study about the effectiveness of general rules of item construction on psychometric properties","volume":"35","author":"Pargent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0632-9","article-title":"Getting serious about test-retest reliability: a critique of retest research and some recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Polit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"341","article-title":"May I curse a referee? Swear words and consequences","volume":"10","author":"Praschinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1465430","article-title":"Assessing emotional reactivity: psychometric properties of the Perth emotional reactivity scale and the development of a short form","volume":"101","author":"Preece","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2020.1783696","article-title":"The referee's challenge: a threshold process model for decision making in sport games","volume":"14","author":"Raab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"49","article-title":"Measurement of irrational beliefs: a critical review","volume-title":"Advances in personality assessment","author":"Ramanaiah","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1255770","article-title":"Situation criticality and basketball officials\u2019 stress levels","volume":"35","author":"Ritchie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.4.3.303","article-title":"Irrational belief tests: new insights, new directions","volume":"4","author":"Robb","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954119858696","article-title":"A decision-making simulator for soccer referees","volume":"14","author":"Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2020.1766539","article-title":"An integrated conceptual framework of decision-making in soccer refereeing","volume":"19","author":"Samuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","article-title":"Multiple imputation: A primer","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411424740","article-title":"Resilience: a silver-lining to experiencing adverse life events?","volume":"20","author":"Seery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447703700232","article-title":"Development of the rational behaviour inventory: initial validity and reliability","volume":"37","author":"Shorkey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref119","volume-title":"Preliminary manual for the state-trait personality inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.09.010","article-title":"The role of domain-generic and domain-specific perceptual-cognitive skills in association football referees","volume":"34","author":"Spitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x","article-title":"The affective reactivity index: a concise irritability scale for clinical and research settings","volume":"53","author":"Stringaris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"139","article-title":"The organization and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or appraisal?","volume":"5","author":"Szentagotai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Behav. Psychother."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-009-0093-1","article-title":"A psychometric review of measures of irrational beliefs: implications for psychotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Terjesen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-014-0366-8","article-title":"The experience of former women officials and the impact on the sporting community","volume":"71","author":"Tingle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"596","article-title":"Smarter thinking in sport","volume":"27","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003200437","volume-title":"The rational practitioner","author":"Turner","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000314","article-title":"The development and initial validation of the irrational performance beliefs inventory (iPBI)","volume":"34","author":"Turner","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-014-0200-9","article-title":"Examining the effects of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) on the irrational beliefs of blue-chip professionals","volume":"33","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref129","volume-title":"Rational emotive behaviour therapy in sport and exercise","author":"Turner","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0014","article-title":"Psychological distress across sport participation groups: the mediating effects of secondary irrational beliefs on the relationship between primary irrational beliefs and symptoms of anxiety, anger, and depression","volume":"13","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-022-00461-3","article-title":"At the coalface: practitioner perspectives on applying rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) in high performance sport","volume":"41","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rat. Emot. Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2018.1496186","article-title":"An idiographic single-case study examining the use of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) with three amateur golfers to alleviate sport performance phobias","volume":"32","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1411527","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the irrational performance beliefs inventory","volume":"18","author":"Turner","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2020.1871524","article-title":"Assessing beliefs about emotion generation and change: the conceptualisation, development, and validation of the cognitive mediation beliefs questionnaire (CMBQ)","volume":"31","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychother. Res."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2501_12","article-title":"Component analysis versus common factor-analysis \u2013 some further observations","volume":"25","author":"Velicer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798418771807","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice","volume":"44","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Black Psychol."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315656809","volume-title":"Elite soccer referees: Officiating in the premier league","author":"Webb","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref138","volume-title":"Referees, match officials and abuse: Research and implications for policy","author":"Webb","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.51","article-title":"The Chinese version of the revised creativity domain questionnaire (CDQ-R): first evidence for its factorial validity and systematic association with the big five","volume":"48","author":"Werner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Creat. Behav."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.543914","article-title":"Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA premier league referees and players","volume":"29","author":"Weston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315545202-24","article-title":"Rational emotive behaviour therapy to help young athletes build resilience and deal with adversity","volume-title":"Sport psychology for youth athletes","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282911406668","article-title":"Coefficient alpha: a reliability coefficient for the 21st century?","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445511398344","article-title":"Processes of change in acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for depression: a mediation reanalysis of Zettle and Rains","volume":"35","author":"Zettle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Modificat."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000258","article-title":"Discovering the second side of the coin integrating situational perception into psychological assessment","volume":"31","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1571447\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:12:40Z","timestamp":1744261960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1571447\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":141,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1571447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1571447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"article-number":"1571447"}}