{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:07:43Z","timestamp":1778504863049,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted self-image, an intense desire for weight loss, anxiety, and strict dieting. The disorder primarily affects children, adolescents, and young adults. It leads to serious health consequences and increases the risk of depression, suicidal thoughts, and addiction. The causes of the disorder are multifactorial, including genetic influences, social pressures, and emotional problems. Eating disorders are now considered a serious public health problem that requires special supervision by specialists and the development of long-term measures to reduce their incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of anorexia nervosa among school adolescents aged 15\u201319; to determine the relationship between the prevalence of anorexia nervosa and the severity of school stress, the severity of family stress, the use of psychoactive substances, and the occurrence of auto-aggressive and self-destructive behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The group of respondents consisted of individuals aged 15 to 19\u202fyears (secondary school students). The study utilized a diagnostic interview method, along with an additional questionnaire. The author\u2019s survey questionnaire was developed based on the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, as well as information from scientific sources regarding stressors and auto-aggressive and self-destructive behaviors. In the statistical analysis, a significance level of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.05 was adopted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa were met by 13.3% of respondents. 37.1% of respondents admitted to engaging in self-injurious behavior, and 13.9% reported having suicidal thoughts. The greatest risk factors for developing anorexia nervosa were female gender, high maternal education, and high levels of physical activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals who could be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa experienced higher levels of school stress and a greater sense of family stress compared to those who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Auto-aggressive and self-destructive behaviors were much more common among those with a possible diagnosis of anorexia nervosa than among those who did not meet the criteria for the disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T11:14:44Z","timestamp":1748344484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anorexia nervosa\u2014the frequency of occurrence in Polish youth, the connection with stress, auto-aggressive behaviors and the abuse of psychoactive substances"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Polaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Ca\u0142yniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Garbicz-Kata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Buczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Fojcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Domagalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02223-z","article-title":"Correlates and impact of DSM-5 binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa and recurrent binge eating: a representative population survey in a middle-income country","volume":"57","author":"Appolinario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708536","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.708536","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Broomfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00516-3","article-title":"The prevalence of substance use disorders and substance use in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Devoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-024-00745-w","article-title":"Beyond cognition and affect: an analysis of anorexia nervosa within the framework of addiction","volume":"15","author":"Dolcini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Phil Psych."},{"key":"ref6","author":"Flatt","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: a systematic literature review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.132","article-title":"Affect and worry during a checking episode: a comparison of individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, body dysmorphic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and panic disorder","volume":"272","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E59","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.48","article-title":"Current eating disorder healthcare services \u2013 the perspectives and experiences of individuals with eating disorders, their families and health professionals: systematic review and thematic synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Johns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"red. Anoreksja i bulimia psychiczna. Rozumienie i leczenie zaburze\u0144 od\u017cywiania si\u0119","author":"J\u00f3zefik","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4796","article-title":"Treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa in the USA: crisis in care","volume":"78","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01850-2","article-title":"Prevalence of binge-eating disorder among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kjeldbjerg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05001-4","article-title":"Percentile charts for growth and nutritional status assessment in Polish children and adolescents from birth to 18 year of age","volume":"12","author":"Ku\u0142aga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stand Med. Ped."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718003549","article-title":"Suicide attempts in eating disorder subtypes: a meta-analysis of the literature employing DSM-IV, DSM-5, or ICD-10 diagnostic criteria","volume":"49","author":"Mandelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20938","article-title":"Designing and scaling up integrated youth mental health care","volume":"21","author":"McGorry","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23664","article-title":"What accounts for the high mortality of anorexia nervosa?","volume":"55","author":"Mehler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-943","article-title":"DSM-5 full syndrome, other specified, and unspecified eating disorders in Australian adolescents: prevalence and clinical significance","volume":"50","author":"Mitchison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23137","article-title":"Re-conceptualization of anorexia nervosa psychopathology: a network analysis study in adolescents with short duration of the illness","volume":"52","author":"Monteleone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"12","article-title":"Gdy cierpi cia\u0142o i choruje dusza","volume":"10","author":"Namys\u0142owska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Charaktery"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2019.1685081","article-title":"How do people with eating disorders experience the stigma associated with their condition? A mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcpeng.2020.11.003","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Palacio-Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113734","article-title":"Comparison between inpatients with anorexia nervosa with and without major depressive disorder: clinical characteristics and outcome","volume":"297","author":"Panero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2882","article-title":"Home treatment as an add-on to family-based treatment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Pauli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00347-1","article-title":"Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current perspectives and risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Pereda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.08.014","article-title":"Dietary intake and nutritional status in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"40","author":"Pettersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.7281","article-title":"School stress \u2013 scope of the problem and its symptomatology as perceived by students","volume":"567","author":"P\u00f3\u0142torak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research findings. Probl Opiek-Wychow"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01162-z","article-title":"An update on the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-022-00025-7","article-title":"Parenting style and its effect on eating disorders and substance abuse across the young population","volume":"2","author":"Ramsewak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discov. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.098","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020","volume":"296","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152142","article-title":"A multifactorial model of self-harm behaviors in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"96","author":"Sagiv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101952","article-title":"Conceptualizing eating disorder psychopathology using an anxiety disorders framework: evidence and implications for exposure-based clinical research","volume":"83","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23236","article-title":"DSM-5 eating disorders among adolescents and young adults in Finland: a public health concern","volume":"53","author":"Sil\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740569","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.740569","article-title":"Exploring coping strategies of different generations of students starting university","volume":"12","author":"Tak\u00e1cs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23469","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for anorexia nervosa: a systematic literature review","volume":"54","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"343","article-title":"Eating disorders among Polish adolescents attending junior high schools","volume":"92","author":"Wojty\u0142a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probl Hig Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"LIVE LIFE: Preventing suicide","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"International classification of diseases 11th revision (ICD-11)","volume-title":"The global standard for diagnostic health information","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.17951\/j.2019.32.3.83-96","article-title":"School as an (un)safe place: the student\u2019s perspective","volume":"32","author":"Wosik-Kawala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Univ Mariae Curie-Sk\u0142odowska."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574136\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T11:14:46Z","timestamp":1748344486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574136\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"article-number":"1574136"}}