{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:49:41Z","timestamp":1792000181017,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional Chinese martial arts (Wushu) possess the potential to enhance both the psychological resilience and physical capacities of learners. Their effective implementation necessitates consideration of spatial and architectural features. This study investigates the impact of spatial-architectural determinants on the psychophysiological adaptation of Wushu practitioners within Chinese and European pedagogical systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative biomechanical assessments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f184 trainees) with qualitative ethnographic observations (24 training settings over 4-week immersion periods) and semi-structured interviews (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f42 instructors). Architectural parameters\u2014including ceiling height, floor elasticity, and acoustic properties\u2014were systematically documented, alongside measurements of biomechanical performance indicators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chinese training environments, characterized by high ceilings (&amp;gt;4\u202fm) and specialized wooden flooring, correlated with superior flexibility (hip flexion: 142\u00b0\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.6\u00b0 vs. 130\u00b0\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.8\u00b0; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.01) and cardiovascular efficiency (shuttle run: 987\u202f\u00b1\u202f42\u202fm vs. 924\u202f\u00b1\u202f38\u202fm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.01). European facilities, utilizing rigid synthetic materials, demonstrated advantages in explosive strength metrics (vertical jump: 54.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.1\u202fcm vs. 50.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.9\u202fcm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Ceiling height emerged as the dominant architectural predictor of flexibility parameters (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.73, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.001); acoustic characteristics significantly influenced exercise execution speed (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> =\u202f\u22120.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.001); and spatial volume affected cardiorespiratory adaptation (\u03b2\u202f=\u202f0.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Environments incorporating traditional design elements improved attentional resilience by 27% compared to modernized spaces. The application of data-driven spatial design principles\u2014such as the inclusion of ritualized zones, hierarchical spatial organization, and tailored acoustic environments\u2014represents an underexplored domain within martial arts pedagogy with promising implications for educational practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1581226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:48:29Z","timestamp":1750225709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Traditional Chinese martial art Wushu to improve the mental state and physical fitness of students: designing space for optimal practice and training"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7364","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-07390-1","article-title":"Exploring the Wushu teaching on metacognitive learning skills: A literature review","volume":"44","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. 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