{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:29:05Z","timestamp":1791401345179,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and depression frequently coexist in middle-aged and older populations, potentially influencing each other. This study explores the relationship between depression and PD risk and investigates the association between lifestyle score and PD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) for adults aged 45 and above were analyzed. A total of 30,347 participants were included, with 565 individuals developing PD during follow-up. PD cases were self-reported physician diagnoses. Depression was assessed using the CESD-10 scale (score \u2265 10 indicating depression). Lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, social activity, sleep, and BMI) were scored as healthy (\u22654) or unhealthy (&amp;lt;4). Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze PD risk, and cubic spline regression was employed to evaluate the dose\u2013response relationship between depression, lifestyle, and PD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression (CESD-10\u202f\u2265\u202f10) was significantly associated with an increased risk of PD. In the fully adjusted model (Model 4), individuals with depression had a 53% higher risk of developing PD compared to those without depression (HR\u202f=\u202f1.53, 95% CI: 1.28\u20131.83). Cubic spline regression revealed a dose\u2013response relationship: as CESD-10 scores increased, the risk of PD also increased. Unhealthy lifestyle was significantly associated with a higher risk of PD. The analysis showed that individuals with an unhealthy lifestyle had a 23.5% higher risk of developing PD than those with a healthy lifestyle. Additionally, the risk of PD varied with different lifestyle components. For example, no-smoking had a 17.9% lower risk of developing PD compared to smoking, and individuals with long sleep durations had a 36.2% lower risk of PD compared to those with short sleep durations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is significantly associated with the risk of PD in middle-aged and older populations. Our findings show a strong link between an unhealthy lifestyle and PD risk. This highlights the importance of addressing depression and avoiding unhealthy lifestyles in PD prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1590931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:47:39Z","timestamp":1750211259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The association between the incident risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease and depression in middle-aged and older adults, and the moderating role of lifestyle: evidence from the CHARLS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wu-xiao","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-fang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-hua","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-240014","article-title":"Burden, anxiety, and depression among caregivers of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Alshimemeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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