{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:36:45Z","timestamp":1787063805280,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The psychological mechanisms of future dangerous behaviors among probationers may be influenced by multiple factors. This study aims to explore the impact of relative deprivation on probationers\u2019 future dangerous behaviors, with a focus on the mediating role of negative coping styles and the moderating effect of self-esteem on this pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey was conducted among 1,023 probationers from 48 judicial offices across four provinces in China. Data were collected using the Future Dangerous Behaviors Questionnaire (FDQ), Relative Deprivation Questionnaire (RDQ), Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES). The moderated mediation model was tested using SPSS PROCESS macro 3.3 software, with negative coping styles as the mediator and self-esteem as the moderator, while controlling for age, gender, education, crime type, sentencing term, and residency status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative deprivation was a significant predictor of probationers\u2019 future dangerous behaviors. Negative coping styles partially mediated the relationship between relative deprivation and future dangerous behaviors, while self-esteem negatively moderated both the direct effect of relative deprivation on future dangerous behaviors and the mediating effect of negative coping styles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the pivotal roles of subjective perception (relative deprivation), psychological mechanisms (negative coping styles), and personal resources (self-esteem) in shaping probationers\u2019 future dangerous behaviors. Therefore, judicial officials should integrate community-based strategies to enhance probationers\u2019 adaptive coping skills and improve their self-esteem, thereby reducing the likelihood of further dangerous behaviors and promoting successful reintegration into society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1593698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T07:00:00Z","timestamp":1761721200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychological predictors of future dangerous behavior among probationers: evidence from judicial bureaus in four provinces in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735619899158","article-title":"Musical taste, in-group favoritism, and social identity theory: re-testing the predictions of the self-esteem hypothesis","volume":"49","author":"Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427801038004001","article-title":"Building on the foundation of general strain theory: specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency","volume":"38","author":"Agnew","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Res. Crime Delinq."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2307\/2676320","article-title":"Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: an empirical test of general strain theory","volume":"41","author":"Aseltine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128718790497","article-title":"Recidivism and reentry: the role of individual coping styles","volume":"65","author":"Ashleigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.14111\/j.cnki.zgfx.2010.06.006","article-title":"How is the severity of the crime defined","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Legal Sci."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"27","article-title":"Reintegration and restorative justice: towards a theory and practice of informal social control and support","volume-title":"After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration","author":"Bazemore","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189666","article-title":"Personal relative deprivation associated with functional disorders via stress: an examination of fibromyalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Beshai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X04271194","article-title":"Gender differences in life-course theory of recidivism: A survival analysis","volume":"49","author":"Brent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1086\/717895","article-title":"Why does education reduce crime?","volume":"130","author":"Brian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.031","article-title":"The relation between personal relative deprivation and the urge to gamble among gamblers is moderated by problem gambling severity: a meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Callan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2017.1395667","article-title":"Does self-esteem negatively impact crime and delinquency? A Meta-analytic review of 25 years of evidence","author":"Carrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"26","article-title":"Study on coping styles of juvenile delinquents","volume":"28","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shanxi Police Coll."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-6729.2018.09.003","article-title":"A systematic review of effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing criminal recidivism of community inmates","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2024.05.004","article-title":"Effect of family closeness on criminal attitudes among inmates: chain-mediated effects of relative deprivation and mental health","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.9334","article-title":"Self-concept and abstinence motivation in male drug addicts: coping style as a mediator","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2307\/265738","article-title":"Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: a duration model of age","volume":"65","author":"Christopher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emp. Recid. Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"83","article-title":"Recidivism and time served in prison","volume":"106","author":"Daniel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Criminal Law Criminol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.13796\/j.cnki.1001-5019.2020.05.012","article-title":"Theoretical framework of intelligent recidivism evaluation index system with all elements and explanation","volume":"44","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AnHui Univ."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.54097\/ajst.v5i2.6981","article-title":"Social exclusion and drug rehabilitation relapse: mediating role of negative coping styles","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2219","article-title":"Probation officer role emphases and use of risk assessment information before and after training","volume":"34","author":"Elijah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"516","article-title":"The impact mechanism of stressful life events on adolescents\u2019 subjective well-being","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2017.1288078","article-title":"Increasing wealth inequality may increase interpersonal hostility: the relationship between personal relative deprivation and aggression","volume":"157","author":"Greitemeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"187","article-title":"Realistic dilemma and improvement initiatives in the application of probation system in China","volume":"38","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jiangxi Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-518X.2012.09.045","article-title":"Relative deprivation and crime of vulnerable groups in the transition period","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jiangxi Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868311430825","article-title":"Relative deprivation: A theoretical and Meta-analytic review","volume":"16","author":"Heather","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12439","article-title":"Examining coping style and the relationship between stress and subjective well-being in Australia\u2019s \u2018Sandwich generation\u2019","volume":"36","author":"Jade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Austr. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"16","article-title":"Post-release recidivism and employment among different types of released offenders: A 5-year follow-up study in the United States","volume":"9","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Crim. Justice Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2010.538365","article-title":"Invisible stripes? Formerly incarcerated persons\u2019 perceptions of stigma","volume":"29","author":"LeBel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16231\/j.cnki.jhpc.20250722.002","article-title":"Reconstruction of the social trust system in community corrections","author":"Lian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Henan Police Coll."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407157","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1407157","article-title":"Effect of offline bullying on online unethical behavior among college students: the mediating roles of relative deprivation and anger rumination","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6728.2023.05.003","article-title":"An empirical study on probation sentencing mode\u2013A practical review of 4,238 verdicts in criminal cases of dangerous driving","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Law Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2012.00377","article-title":"Relative deprivation and social adaption: the role of mediator and moderator","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sinic"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2016.01282","article-title":"The impact of social network site (Qzone) on adolescents\u2019 depression: the serial mediation of upward social comparison and self-esteem","volume":"48","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937876","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.937876","article-title":"The commission of crime from the perspective of decision-making differences","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-905X.2013.07.026","article-title":"Value embodiment of criminal labeling theory in China\u2019s criminal law field of vision","volume":"21","author":"Qiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Henan Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820977577","article-title":"The relationship between self-esteem, gender, criminal attitudes, and recidivism in a youth justice sample","volume":"48","author":"Shreena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732214550165","article-title":"Relative deprivation: how subjective experiences of inequality influence social behavior and health","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Policy Insights Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3016088","article-title":"Assessing risk assessment in action","volume":"103","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minnesota Law Rev."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2018.00047","article-title":"Effects of peer presence and self-esteem on adolescent risk-taking behavior: evidence from an ERP study","volume":"50","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sinic."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000922","article-title":"Is high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a Classic Question","volume":"77","author":"Ulrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"55","article-title":"Research on community participation in community correction: A case study of a street in Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Crime Correct."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01272-6","article-title":"The effect of relative deprivation on aggressive behavior of college students: a moderated mediation model of belief in a just world and moral disengagement","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-021-09554-4","article-title":"Rediscovering the relative deprivation and crime debate: tracking its fortunes from left realism to the precariat","volume":"30","author":"Webber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Criminol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2014.00714","article-title":"Different methods for testing moderated mediation models: competitors or backups?","volume":"46","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2016.00438","article-title":"The concept, measurement, influencing factors and effects of relative deprivation, advances","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-105x.2021.01.003","article-title":"The proof mechanism of parole\u2019s \u2018risk of reoffending\u2019 condition: an empirical study based on the application of parole","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Mining Technol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430539","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1430539","article-title":"Upward social comparison and social anxiety among chinese college students: a chain-mediation model of relative deprivation and rumination","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2021.100470","article-title":"The effect of perceived discrimination on future dangerous behaviorss of probationers in China: an empirical test of crime labeling theory","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Crime Justice"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-2987.2016.05.012","article-title":"The growth of general strain theory","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. J. Jinyang"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Quality assessment of offender corrections","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"BeiJing, BJ: China Law Press."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.19653\/j.cnki.dbcjdxxb.2022.04.006","article-title":"The impact of migration on crime: an empirical study based on Hukou relocation","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dongbei Univ. Finance Econ."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-4781.2017.02.005","article-title":"The Prospect of probation in China: an empirical study based on the big data of judgment documents","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comtemp. Law Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1593698\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T07:00:10Z","timestamp":1761721210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1593698\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1593698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1593698","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1593698"}}