{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:33:56Z","timestamp":1792802036104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have shown that congenital deafness enhances peripheral visual processing but may reduce attention to central stimuli. In contrast, action video game experience has been shown to improve top-down attentional control and resistance to distraction. However, it remains unclear whether action video game experience can modify the peripheral attention bias typically observed in deaf individuals, particularly within the context of perceptual load theory. This question is crucial for understanding adaptive mechanisms and informing attention training interventions in the deaf population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the impact of action video game experience on visual selective attention in deaf middle school students, a response competition paradigm combined with eye-tracking technology was employed to systematically evaluate and compare the selective attention characteristics of four groups: deaf action video game players (Deaf VGPs), deaf non-video game players (Deaf NVGPs), hearing action video game players (Hearing VGPs), and hearing non-video game players (Hearing NVGPs). The comparison was conducted under varying levels of perceptual load and types of distractors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) Deaf students generally demonstrated lower accuracy, slower reaction times, longer fixation durations, and more total fixation counts than their hearing counterparts in visual selective attention tasks. (2) Deaf VGPs performed better than deaf NVGPs, particularly in accuracy, and their performance in both accuracy and total fixation counts was comparable to that of their hearing counterparts, suggesting an association between action video game experience and enhanced selective attention in deaf students. (3) Deaf students, particularly NVGPs, exhibited larger compatible effects under both low and high perceptual load conditions, with the effect being more substantial under high load, indicating that perceptual load may exert a greater influence on deaf NVGPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms underlying selective attention processing in deaf students appear to be influenced by factors such as action video game experience and auditory deprivation-induced plasticity changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1633957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:17:53Z","timestamp":1759292273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of action video game experience on visual selective attention in deaf middle school students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huina","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanbing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3441852.3471209","article-title":"I see what you\u2019re saying: a literature review of eye tracking research in communication of deaf or hard of hearing users","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.78.4.772","article-title":"Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12486","article-title":"Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults","volume":"501","author":"Anguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49434-1","article-title":"Global visual attention SPAN in different video game genres","volume":"13","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1256-7","article-title":"The influence of action video game playing on eye movement behaviour during visual search in abstract, in game and natural scenes","volume":"79","author":"Azizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.15.1.6","article-title":"Video game training in traumatic brain injury patients: an exploratory case report study using eye tracking","volume":"15","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.08.007","article-title":"Neural bases of selective attention in action video game players","volume":"61","author":"Bavelier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.031","article-title":"Enhancing attentional control: lessons from action video games","volume":"104","author":"Bavelier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214241287171","article-title":"Learning and transfer: a perspective from action video game play","volume":"34","author":"Bavelier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000130","article-title":"Meta-analysis of action video game impact on perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills","volume":"144","author":"Bediou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414567527","article-title":"What eye movements reveal about deaf readers","volume":"24","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr18020009","article-title":"Numerosity perception and perceptual load: exploring sex differences through eye-tracking","volume":"18","author":"Bend","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae152","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae152","article-title":"Action video games and posterior parietal cortex neuromodulation enhance both attention and reading in adults with developmental dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Bertoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2011.578209","article-title":"Prominent reflexive eye-movement orienting associated with deafness","volume":"3","author":"Bottari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9100251","article-title":"Does video gaming have impacts on the brain: evidence from a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Brilliant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.11.018","article-title":"Action video game players and deaf observers have larger Goldmann visual fields","volume":"50","author":"Buckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.016","article-title":"Altered spatial distribution of visual attention in near and far space after early deafness","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.3.667","article-title":"Reduced attentional capture in action video game players","volume":"72","author":"Chisholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25793","DOI":"10.2196\/25793","article-title":"Association of extensive video gaming and cognitive function changes in brain-imaging studies of pro gamers and individuals with gaming disorder: systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629032","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.629032","article-title":"Inattention, impulsivity, and inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in deaf children are not due to deficits in inhibitory control, but may reflect an adaptive strategy","volume":"12","author":"Daza Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103628","article-title":"Searching in clutter: visual behavior and performance of expert action video game players","volume":"99","author":"Delmas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env054","article-title":"Foveal processing under concurrent peripheral load in profoundly deaf adults","volume":"21","author":"Dye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Deaf. Stud. Deaf. Educ."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0501","article-title":"Attentional enhancements and deficits in deaf populations: an integrative review","volume":"28","author":"Dye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005640","article-title":"Is visual selective attention in deaf individuals enhanced or deficient? The case of the useful field of view","volume":"4","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-022-01330-1","article-title":"Development of visual sustained selective attention and response inhibition in deaf children","volume":"51","author":"Dye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2605power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01019","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1019","article-title":"Neural bases of enhanced attentional control: lessons from action video game players","volume":"8","author":"F\u00f6cker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369941","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1369941","article-title":"Research of visual attention networks in deaf individuals: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Gioiosa Maurno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01647","article-title":"Action video game modifies visual selective attention","volume":"423","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.6.1465","article-title":"Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention","volume":"32","author":"Green","year":"","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.10.004","article-title":"Enumeration versus multiple object tracking: the case of action video game players","volume":"101","author":"Green","year":"","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.04.012","article-title":"Action video game training for cognitive enhancement","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2009.01054.x","article-title":"Perceptual learning during action video game playing","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.020","article-title":"The effect of action video game experience on task-switching","volume":"28","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Human. Behav."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-023-00498-7","article-title":"Establishing gaze markers of perceptual load during multi-target visual search","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.003","article-title":"Gaze control as prediction","volume":"21","author":"Henderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599788","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.599788","article-title":"Faster visual information processing in video gamers is associated with EEG alpha amplitude modulation","volume":"11","author":"Hilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534741","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.534741","article-title":"Evidence of an effect of gaming experience on visuospatial attention in deaf but not in hearing individuals","volume":"11","author":"Holmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265526","article-title":"Difference in gaze co ntrol ability between low and high skill players of a real-time strategy game in esports","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.21.3.451","article-title":"Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention","volume":"21","author":"Lavie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.12.004","article-title":"Distracted and confused?: selective attention under load","volume":"9","author":"Lavie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00432.x","article-title":"On the efficiency of visual selective attention: efficient visual search leads to inefficient distractor rejection","volume":"8","author":"Lavie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038468","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1038468","article-title":"Effects of exogenous and endogenous cues on attentional orienting in deaf adults","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031187","article-title":"Assessing perceptual load and cognitive load by fixation-related information of eye movements","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors(Basel)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03333964","article-title":"Central and peripheral visual processing in hearing and nonhearing individuals","volume":"29","author":"Lore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Psychon. Soc."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.13.4.563","article-title":"The influence of perceptual load on age differences in selective attention","volume":"13","author":"Maylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.17.3.6","article-title":"Effect of action video games in eye movement behavior: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Montolio-Vila","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2016.11.007","article-title":"Evaluation of cognitive behavior among deaf subjects with video game as intervention","volume":"42","author":"Nagendra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90295-2","article-title":"Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. I. Normal hearing adults","volume":"405","author":"Neville","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98146-x","article-title":"Action video game training improves text reading accuracy, rate and comprehension in children with dyslexia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260138591","article-title":"Changes in the spatial distribution of visual attention after early deafness","volume":"14","author":"Proksch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2267297","article-title":"Action video games training in children with developmental dyslexia: a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Puccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.5.547","article-title":"The impact of cochlear implants on young deaf children: new methods to assess cognitive and behavioral development","volume":"130","author":"Quittner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00284.x","article-title":"The impact of audition on the development of visual attention","volume":"5","author":"Quittner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1941.tb00316.x","article-title":"Standardization of progressive matrices, 1938","volume":"19","author":"Raven","year":"1941","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.5.840","article-title":"Audition and visual attention: the developmental trajectory in deaf and hearing populations","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00145.2019","article-title":"Visual selective attention and the control of tracking eye movements: a critical review","volume":"125","author":"Souto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.08.005","article-title":"Action video game experience affects oculomotor performance","volume":"142","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta. Psychol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.3390\/app12146923","article-title":"Effectiveness of a serious game design and game mechanic factors for attention and executive function improvement in the elderly: a pretest-posttest study","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02652-7","article-title":"Action video game play facilitates \u201clearning to learn.\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1633957\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:17:54Z","timestamp":1759292274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1633957\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1633957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1633957","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"article-number":"1633957"}}