{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:44:55Z","timestamp":1781534695619,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increasing number of studies have highlighted the consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the mechanisms through which it inflicts harm. However, few have examined the relationship between perceived pandemic risk and mental distress from an interpersonal perspective. Drawing on the stress system model, trust theory, social-support theory, and exchange\u2013emotion\u2013cohesion theory, the present study investigates whether perceived pandemic risk is positively associated with mental distress, whether different types of interpersonal trust mediate this relationship, and whether social cohesion moderates this mediating process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The theoretical model was tested using data from 18,278 Chinese residents (Mage = 32.63 years, standard deviation = 13.85) between March and June 2020. Participants in this cross-sectional study completed a named survey assessing their perceived pandemic risk, different types of interpersonal trust, mental distress, and social cohesion. Correlational and moderated mediation analyses examined how perceived risk relates to mental distress via interpersonal trust, while estimating social cohesion\u2019s moderated role in this pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perceived pandemic risk was positively associated with mental distress. Interpersonal trust among non-strangers (family, friends and colleagues) partially mediated this link, and social cohesion moderated the trust-to-distress pathway specifically for friends and colleagues trust. In contexts of lower social cohesion, the indirect effect through friends and colleagues trust was stronger, indicating greater vulnerability to mental distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings extend research on pandemic-related mental distress by identifying acquaintance trust in ordinary friends and colleagues as a key interpersonal mechanism and demonstrating that cohesive community contexts can buffer the psychological consequences of eroded trust. Practitioners should consider leveraging social relationships in public-health crisis responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:59:18Z","timestamp":1758808758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The perceived COVID-19 pandemic risk and mental distress in China: the mediating role of interpersonal trust and the moderating role of social cohesion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12371","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12371","article-title":"The behavioral immune system: current concerns and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Ackerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5152\/alphapsychiatry.2024.241574","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress among Chinese people during the omicron outbreak and its impact on sleep quality and alcohol dependency","volume":"25","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alpha Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764214550299","article-title":"Social capital and community resilience","volume":"59","author":"Aldrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-017-1724-z","article-title":"Human empowerment and trust in strangers: the multilevel evidence","volume":"139","author":"Almakaeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22762","article-title":"The relationship of COVID-19 traumatic stress, cumulative trauma, and race to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019865765","article-title":"Social trust, pattern of difference, and subjective well-being","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104316","article-title":"Trust and compliance to public health policies in times of COVID-19","volume":"192","author":"Bargain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.14086\/j.cnki.wujss.2021.05.013","article-title":"Social capital and the response to pandemic risks","volume":"74","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01180-9","article-title":"Loneliness and trust issues reshape mental stress of expatriates during early COVID-19: a structural equation modelling approach","volume":"11","author":"Billah","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.11.016","article-title":"Public health and public trust: survey evidence from the Ebola virus disease epidemic in Liberia","volume":"172","author":"Blair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12759","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12759","article-title":"Social cohesion predicts COVID-19 vaccination intentions and uptake","volume":"17","author":"C\u00e1rdenas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/10841806.2020.1758991","article-title":"Making sense of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic response: a policy regime perspective","volume":"42","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adm. Theory Praxis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s41649-021-00174-2","article-title":"Reciprocal trust as an ethical response to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Bioeth. Rev."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3274","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3274","article-title":"Anxiety, depression symptoms, and psychological resilience among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in isolation: a study from Wuhan, China","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102263","article-title":"Climate anxiety: psychological responses to climate change","volume":"74","author":"Clayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","article-title":"Social capital and the creation of human capital","volume":"94","author":"Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021215","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92i3.11574","article-title":"A breakthrough in research on depression screening: from validation to efficacy studies","volume":"92","author":"Costantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed. Atenei Parmensis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021417","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92iS6.12249","article-title":"From \"the interpersonal theory of suicide\" to \"the interpersonal trust\": an unexpected and effective resource to mitigate economic crisis-related suicide risk in times of Covid-19?","volume":"92","author":"Costanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000243","article-title":"When trust fails: a social identity model of risk-taking","volume":"118","author":"Cruwys","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v12i5.5381","article-title":"Navigating mental health amidst challenges: understanding symptoms, socioeconomic patterns, and practical impacts","volume":"12","author":"Dailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dai010","article-title":"The Singaporean response to the SARS outbreak: knowledge sufficiency versus public trust","volume":"20","author":"Deurenberg-Yap","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271285","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress and biological rhythm in China\u2019s general population: a path analysis model","volume":"17","author":"Dou","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Theoretical framework of the social cohesion radar. In J. Delhey and K. Boehnke (Eds.), Social cohesion in the Western World","author":"Dragolov","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00141","article-title":"Facilitating collective psychosocial resilience in the public in emergencies: twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach","volume":"7","author":"Drury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30482-X","article-title":"Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"8","author":"Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asieco.2023.101609","article-title":"The social scar of the pandemic: impacts of COVID-19 exposure on interpersonal trust","volume":"86","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asian Econ."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3428472","article-title":"Trust and COVID-19: implications for interpersonal, workplace, institutional, and information-based trust","volume":"2","author":"Fell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"ref9001","article-title":"From the soil: Foundations of Chinese society (G. G. Hamilton & Z. Wang, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press","author":"Fei","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00977-7","article-title":"Perceptions of governmental response to COVID-19 and compliance with social distancing","volume":"4","author":"Fetzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272909","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1272909","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and depression following disaster: examining the mediating role of disaster resilience","volume":"12","author":"First","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562","article-title":"The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention","volume":"180","author":"Galea","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2116818119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116818119","article-title":"COVID-19 infection induces higher trust in strangers","volume":"119","author":"Gambetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000875","article-title":"The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: amplification of public health consequences by media exposure","volume":"39","author":"Garfin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12865","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12865","article-title":"The protective role of social network factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Gibson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.08.007","article-title":"The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures","volume":"40","author":"Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592721000049","article-title":"Who do you trust? The consequences of partisanship and trust for public responsiveness to COVID-19 orders","volume":"20","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Polit."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02447-7","article-title":"Neighbourhood cohesion, loneliness and perceived social isolation prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal evidence from the German ageing survey","volume":"58","author":"Hajek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2020-011871","article-title":"Suspicious minds: cinematic depiction of distrust during epidemic disease outbreaks","volume":"47","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Humanit."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00004-5","article-title":"Measurement of depressive symptoms in cancer patients: evaluation of the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D)","volume":"46","author":"Hann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081128","article-title":"Green space for mental health in the COVID-19 era: a pathway analysis in residential green space users","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12181812","article-title":"Impact of natural disasters on mental health: evidence and implications","volume":"12","author":"Heanoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-013-9441-z","article-title":"Social capital and well-being in times of crisis","volume":"15","author":"Helliwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv335","article-title":"Can community social cohesion prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a disaster? A natural experiment from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami","volume":"183","author":"Hikichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8242","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08242","article-title":"Risk sensitivity as an evolutionary adaptation","volume":"5","author":"Hintze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(67)90005-7","article-title":"The social readjustment rating scale","volume":"11","author":"Holmes","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828379","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.828379","article-title":"COVID-19 related stress and mental health outcomes 1 year after the peak of the pandemic outbreak in China: the mediating effect of resilience and social support","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref51","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000312","article-title":"Identification of careless responding in ecological momentary assessment research: from posthoc analyses to real-time data monitoring","volume":"27","author":"Jaso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Stress-system models in psychosomatic medicine. In C. Chen, R. Xue, & M. Qian (Eds.), Handbook of Chinese clinical psychology","author":"Jiang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9005-5","article-title":"The perceived threat of SARS and its impact on precautionary actions and adverse consequences: a qualitative study among Chinese communities in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02847-5","article-title":"Social trust and stress symptoms among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Asia. BMC Geriatrics","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241895","article-title":"Predictors of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the US: role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing","volume":"15","author":"K\u00e4mpfen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"200","article-title":"Social support in the aftermath of disasters, catastrophes, and acts of terrorism: altruistic, overwhelmed, uncertain, antagonistic, and patriotic communities","volume-title":"Bioterrorism: psychological and public health interventions","author":"Kaniasty","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01168.x","article-title":"The social amplification of risk: a conceptual framework","volume":"8","author":"Kasperson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/26883597.2020.1829985","article-title":"The role of social cohesion in addressing the impact of COVID-19 on mental health within marginalized communities","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Local Dev. Soc."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-024-00837-8","article-title":"Psychosocial alterations during the COVID-19 pandemic and the global burden of anxiety and major depressive disorders in adolescents, 1990\u20132021: challenges in mental health amid socioeconomic disparities","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X","article-title":"Culture and social support","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2020.1801600","article-title":"Measuring COVID-19 as traumatic stress: initial psychometrics and validation","volume":"26","author":"Kira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007768","article-title":"The association of depression, anxiety, and stress with caring for a child with congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: results of a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Kuper","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.10.017","article-title":"Resilience and disaster governance: some insights from the 2015 Nepal earthquake","volume":"33","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250606900204","article-title":"Commitment in structurally enabled and induced exchange relations","volume":"69","author":"Lawler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300401","article-title":"Social exchange and micro social order","volume":"73","author":"Lawler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/2096408","article-title":"Commitment in exchange relations: test of a theory of relational cohesion","volume":"61","author":"Lawler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1086\/318965","article-title":"Emotion and group cohesion in productive exchange","volume":"106","author":"Lawler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00614-2","article-title":"Paradoxical impacts of social relationships on well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45110","DOI":"10.2196\/45110","article-title":"The role of community cohesion in older adults during the COVID-19 epidemic: cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100094","article-title":"Antibody seroprevalence in the epicenter Wuhan, Hubei, and six selected provinces after containment of the first epidemic wave of COVID-19 in China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-022-05277-z","article-title":"Review on visualization technology in simulation training system for major natural disasters","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062032","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/028072701703500105","article-title":"Predicting residents\u2019 responses to the May 1\u20134, 2010, Boston water contamination incident","volume":"35","author":"Lindell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8099","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2022.2138099","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic \u2013 findings from a pan-European study","volume":"13","author":"Lotzin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019","article-title":"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the patient health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population","volume":"122","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001","article-title":"Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110221","article-title":"Behavioral immune system linked to responses to the threat of COVID-19","volume":"167","author":"Makhanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093165","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors","volume":"17","author":"Mazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21620555.2020.1820860","article-title":"Can neighborhoods protect residents from mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"53","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Wuhan Chin. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.046","article-title":"An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form","volume":"276","author":"Nicomedes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1866418","article-title":"Trust and social relationships in times of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105110","article-title":"Community governance during the Shanghai COVID lockdown part II: bridging neighborhood cohesion and the perception of community governance","volume":"151","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ep22007","DOI":"10.29333\/jconseph\/12544","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on students\u2019 mental health: overview of research indexed in the Scopus database","volume":"3","author":"Novihoho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Stud. Epidemiol. Public Health"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630751","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.630751","article-title":"The influence of personality, resilience, and alexithymia on mental health during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Osimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0719-2_15","article-title":"Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: a multi-level analysis","volume-title":"Psychological sense of community: Research, applications, and implications","author":"Perkins","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","article-title":"Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"383","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01264.x","article-title":"Emotional and behavioural reactions to tremors of the Umbria\u2013Marche earthquake","volume":"36","author":"Prati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000015","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: a review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments","volume":"51","author":"Prati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.1995.0002","article-title":"Bowling alone: America\u2019s declining social capital","volume":"6","author":"Putnam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Democr."},{"key":"ref93","volume-title":"Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community","author":"Putnam","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Bowling alone: America\u2019s declining social capital","volume-title":"The City reader","author":"Putnam","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03385-x","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic related long-term chronic stress on the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the general population","volume":"21","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-4304.2021.09.012","article-title":"Revitalizing the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: social protection in response to COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Soc. Security"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0997-0","article-title":"Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders","volume":"21","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09796-5","article-title":"Mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268302","article-title":"Effects of trust, risk perception, and health behavior on COVID-19 disease burden: evidence from a multi-state US survey","volume":"17","author":"Ridenhour","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146511404558","article-title":"Collective threat, trust, and the sense of personal control","volume":"52","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01255-x","article-title":"Trust beliefs in significant others, interpersonal stress, and internalizing psychopathology of adolescents with psychiatric disorders","volume":"54","author":"Rotenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/21515581.2025.2456270","article-title":"Mental health and social trust: age and religiosity as moderators among young people in Croatia and Slovenia","volume":"15","author":"Rutar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Trust Res."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114","article-title":"Assessing \u201cneighborhood effects\u201d: social processes and new directions in research","volume":"28","author":"Sampson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","article-title":"Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy","volume":"277","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.47191\/ijsshr\/v4-i4-11","article-title":"Implementation of economic policies facing COVID-19 in supporting nonmilitary defense","volume":"4","author":"Saputro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Res."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2021.1988404","article-title":"The behavioural immune system and pandemic psychology: the evolved psychology of disease-avoidance and its implications for attitudes, behaviour, and public health during epidemic outbreaks","volume":"33","author":"Schaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","article-title":"Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the WHO world mental health surveys","volume":"66","author":"Seedat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref109","volume-title":"The stress of life","author":"Selye","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152508","article-title":"The cumulative impact of trauma, chronic illness, and COVID-19 stress on mental health in a case-control study of adults with psychotic disorders in Ethiopia","volume":"134","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238015","article-title":"Disease avoidance in the time of COVID-19: the behavioral immune system is associated with concern and preventative health behaviors","volume":"15","author":"Shook","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063290","article-title":"Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic: perceived changes in psychological vulnerability, resilience and social cohesion before, during and after lockdown","volume":"19","author":"Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3563507","article-title":"Perception of risk","volume":"236","author":"Slovic","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref114","volume-title":"The feeling of risk: New perspectives on risk perception","author":"Slovic","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000039","article-title":"Social relationships and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analysis of the COVID-19 social study","volume":"52","author":"Sommerlad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23846\/SR46","article-title":"Strengthening intergroup social cohesion in fragile situations (3ie systematic review 46)","author":"Sonnenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Initiative Impact. Eval."},{"key":"ref117","volume-title":"Coping with stress during infectious disease outbreaks (HHS Publ. No. SMA14-4885, pp. 1\u20134). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12800","article-title":"Community cohesion during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic: a social antidote to health anxiety and stress","volume":"51","author":"Svensson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9002","article-title":"Trust and social relationships in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. European","volume":"12","author":"Thoresen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychotraumatolog"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1526-4","article-title":"Social cohesion and resilience across communities that have experienced a disaster","volume":"76","author":"Townshend","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30044-1","article-title":"Ebola: public trust, intermediaries, and rumour in the DR Congo","volume":"19","author":"Trapido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00905726","article-title":"The importance of neighbors: the social, cognitive, and affective components of neighboring","volume":"13","author":"Unger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref122","volume-title":"World economic situation and prospects as of mid-2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9003","volume-title":"The moral foundations of trust.Cambridge University Press","author":"Uslaner","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","article-title":"Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response","volume":"4","author":"Van Bavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-575","article-title":"Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the influenza a (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"van der Weerd","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s166","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X23004314","article-title":"Trauma-related mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a \u201cliving\u201d systematic literature review","volume":"38","author":"van Duinkerken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30063-5","article-title":"Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018\u201319 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: a population-based survey","volume":"19","author":"Vinck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1736-5","article-title":"Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51214","DOI":"10.2196\/51214","article-title":"Social cohesion and COVID-19: integrative review","volume":"13","author":"Ware","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"776","article-title":"Research progress and prospects on the evolution of public risk perception and protective behavior in public health emergencies","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Foundation in China"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2020.01087","article-title":"\u201cPsychological typhoon eye effect\u201d and \u201cripple effect\u201d: double perspective test of risk perception and anxiety characteristics of people in different COVID-19 severity regions","volume":"52","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"63","article-title":"Trust and distrust","volume-title":"The social psychology of intergroup relations","author":"Worchel","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref133","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref134","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1386\/jcca_00042_1","article-title":"The nearby: a scope of seeing","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contemporary Chinese Art"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"21","article-title":"Review of psychological typhoon eye effect","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2015.33.5.436","article-title":"Two-component model of general trust: predicting behavioral trust from attitudinal trust","volume":"33","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005077","article-title":"Fears and misperceptions of the Ebola response system during the 2014\u20132015 outbreak in Sierra Leone","volume":"10","author":"Yamanis","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2020.01865","article-title":"The behavioral immune system: a multi-level reconsideration","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.116","article-title":"Associations between psychological inflexibility and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a three-level meta-analytic review","volume":"320","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114677","article-title":"Different roles of interpersonal trust and institutional trust in COVID-19 pandemic control","volume":"293","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"660","article-title":"Research progress on epidemiology, transmission dynamics, vaccination, and non-pharmaceutical intervention evaluation of COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Science Fund"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453111","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1453111","article-title":"The relationship between risk perception and negative emotions in COVID-19: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1714759","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651664\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T06:23:03Z","timestamp":1763101383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651664\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":146,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651664","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"article-number":"1651664"}}