{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:17:58Z","timestamp":1776172678907,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mobile phone addiction (MPA) is an escalating issue, particularly among high-pressure medical students prone to over-reliance on mobile phones, and it is closely associated with lower achievement motivation. This study aimed to explore the associations between Chinese medical students' achievement motivation, anxiety, depression, and MPA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-site cluster sampling was used to recruit 2,977 undergraduate medical students (Years 1\u20133) from a large medical university in Shandong Province. Data were collected via the Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), with 2,679 valid questionnaires retained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the participants, 26.58% had MPA, with an average MPAI score of 42.97 \u00b1 12.12. The average AMS score was 1.87 \u00b1 0.35. Multiple linear regression showed that gender, liking one's major, MPAI, 7, and PHQ-9 scores significantly influenced achievement motivation (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that anxiety and depression played a chain mediating role in the relationship between MPA achievement motivation: the total indirect effect was \u22120.114 (95%CI = [\u22120.133, \u22120.095]), including three paths: MPAI \u2192 GAD7 \u2192 AMS (effect = \u22120.027, 95%CI = [\u22120.047, \u22120.008]), MPAI \u2192 PHQ9 \u2192 AMS (effect = 95%CI = [\u22120.042, \u22120.023]), and MPAI \u2192 GAD7 \u2192 PHQ9 \u2192 AMS (effect = \u22120.055, 95% CI = [\u22120.070, \u22120.041]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MPA correlates with lower achievement motivation in Chinese medical students, with anxiety and depression acting as mediators. Universities should take targeted measures to address MPA, in anxiety and depression, and improve medical students' achievement motivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:30:22Z","timestamp":1761715822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mobile phone addiction and achievement motivation in Chinese medical students: the chain mediating effect of anxiety and depression symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haoge","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn., text rev","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06377-9","article-title":"Impact of smartphone addiction on health status, mental well-being, and sleep quality among medical students in Sudan","volume":"24","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894121","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.894121","article-title":"The mobile phone addiction index: cross-gender measurement invariance in adolescents","volume":"13","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/09540253.2025.2462051","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in teaching gender equality in Irish secondary schools","volume":"37","author":"Arnold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gender Educ."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043445","article-title":"Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior","volume":"64","author":"Atkinson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Introduction to Motivation","author":"Atkinson","year":"1964"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab350","article-title":"The association between problematic smartphone use and symptoms of anxiety and depression-a meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Augner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2014.0473","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"112","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53469\/jssh.2023.5(11).19","article-title":"The relationship between major identity and subjective well-being: the mediating role of achievement motivation","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci. Hum."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101567","article-title":"Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptoms and their associations with mobile phone addiction among Chinese medical students during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00078","article-title":"Mobile phone addiction and suicide behaviors among Chinese adolescents: the mediation of poor sleep quality","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0015","article-title":"Longitudinal cross-lagged analysis between mobile phone dependence, friendships, and depressive symptoms among Korean adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Choe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11921","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211921","article-title":"The integration of gender perspective into young people's sexuality education in Spain and Portugal: legislation and educational models","volume":"18","author":"Cunha-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environm. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"80","article-title":"Research on the correlation between mobile phone dependence and mental health of college students in the information age","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tonghua Norm. Univ."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.030","article-title":"Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology","volume":"207","author":"Elhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v5n4p144","article-title":"Relationship between psychological well-being and smartphone addiction of university students","volume":"5","author":"Hatice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/106907279300100102","article-title":"The vocational identity scale: a diagnostic and treatment tool","volume":"1","author":"Holland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Career Assess."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00211","article-title":"Social networks use disorder and associations with depression and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review of recent research in China","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8424","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03280-y","article-title":"Social media addiction's contribution to adolescents' LIFE: social image anxiety","volume":"41","author":"Kanar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1359","article-title":"Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatric Res."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd Edn","author":"Kline","year":"2015"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19404476.2025.2465944","article-title":"Gender inequality within STEM education: a sociocultural analysis of Thai ninth-grade students' design-based discourse","volume":"48","author":"Ladachart","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMLE Online"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244015573169","article-title":"The relationship between cell phone use and academic performance in a sample of U.S. college students","volume":"5","author":"Lepp","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17482790802078565","article-title":"Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Children Media"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1000-1948(07)60011-2","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone addiction, anxiety and depression on the sleep quality among junior college students","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Med. Coll."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00057","article-title":"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"82","article-title":"\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u6210\u763e: \u6982\u5ff5\u3001 \u6d4b\u91cf\u53ca\u5f71\u54cd \u56e0\u7d20.","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11144-000","article-title":"The achievement motive","author":"McClelland","year":"1953","journal-title":"Appleton-Century-Crofts"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1054\/nedt.1999.0327","article-title":"Achievement motivation, anxiety and academic success in first year Master of Nursing students","volume":"19","author":"McEwan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21250-w","article-title":"The effects of mobile phone addiction on learning engagement of Chinese college students - The mediating role of physical activity and academic self-efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252371","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1252371","article-title":"Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students","volume":"11","author":"Nikolic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1463557","article-title":"The influence of achievement motivation on the educational practice ability of pre-service teachers: the multiple mediating role of professional identity and learning engagement","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"573","article-title":"Gender differences in the relationship between achievement motivation and mental health among secondary school students","volume":"91","author":"Putwain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.32996\/jpbs.2022.2.1","article-title":"The influence of smartphone addiction, personality traits, achievement motivation on problem-solving ability of university students","volume":"2","author":"Ran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Behav. Stud."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8224","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8224","article-title":"Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a primary care setting","volume":"12","author":"Sapra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.29252\/shenakht.5.6.57","article-title":"The relationship between cell-phone addiction with the academic achievement motivation and academic performance of students in Khash Baluchestan","volume":"5","author":"Shahroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shenakht J. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2019-1155","article-title":"Cell phone addiction and psychological and physiological health in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Shoukat","year":"2019","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.29252\/shenakht.5.6.57","article-title":"The relationship between cell-phone addiction with the academic achievement motivation and academic performance of students in Khash Baluchestan","volume":"5","author":"Somayeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shenakht J. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185353","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1185353","article-title":"The effects of online game addiction on reduced academic achievement motivation among Chinese college students: the mediating role of learning engagement","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/14646-000","volume-title":"APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2nd Edn","author":"VandenBos","year":"2015"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"15","article-title":"Undergraduate nursing students' perceived stress and self-efficacy: a global review","volume":"5","author":"Varghese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manage. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t77190-000","article-title":"Patient Health Questionnaire-9; Chinese Version (C-PHQ-9) [Database record]","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387288","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1387288","article-title":"Clinical nurses' work procrastination and smartphone addiction: a potential profile study","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01269-1","article-title":"Associations between academic motivation, academic stress, and mobile phone addiction: mediating roles of wisdom","volume":"23","author":"Yaghoobi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Health Addict"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112686","article-title":"Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"284","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"14","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of achievement motivation","volume":"2","author":"Ye","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-02781-y","article-title":"The influence of meaning in life on smartphone addiction among nursing undergraduates: the mediating roles of professional identity and achievement motivation","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62796","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62796","article-title":"The effects of smartphone addiction on academic performance among undergraduate medical students in Karnataka, India: a multi-centric study","volume":"16","author":"Zeerak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01946-x","article-title":"Key competencies acquired from STEM education: gender-differentiated parental expectations","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S442924","article-title":"Effect of college students' smartphone addiction on academic achievement: the mediating role of academic anxiety and moderating role of sense of academic control","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manage."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20210977","article-title":"Prevalence of subhealth status and its effects on mental health and smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among Chinese medical students","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545440","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1545440","article-title":"Physical activity and mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students: a chain mediation model of social anxiety and loneliness","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651675\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1761715825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651675\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1651675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1651675"}}