{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:22:52Z","timestamp":1790403772415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is often met with stigma, which can deter individuals from seeking help. While most research on NSSI stigma has focused on clinical settings, the attitudes of those most likely to receive an NSSI disclosure, such as peers, friends, and family, remain underexplored. Building on qualitative findings that positive disclosure experiences can foster supportiveness, this study aimed to quantitatively examine how social exposure, gender, personal experience with NSSI, and mental health relate to supportive attitudes toward NSSI within social circles. We also assessed the prevalence and awareness of NSSI in close relationships, among university students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,430 Swedish university students completed a baseline survey, with 721 participating in a six-month follow-up. Measures included self-reported NSSI and mental health history, awareness of NSSI in others (social exposure), and attitudes toward NSSI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Correlational and regression analyses showed all predictors were significantly associated with attitudes, with personal NSSI experience emerging as the strongest. Paired samples t-tests revealed a small but significant increase in supportive attitudes among participants who reported new social exposure at follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 67), with no change observed among those without new exposure. Lifetime prevalence of NSSI in the sample was estimated at 38.7%, and 62.5% reported social exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that while personal experience with NSSI is the strongest predictor of supportive attitudes, increased social exposure may serve as an ethically modifiable factor in stigma reduction. Given the high prevalence and social visibility of NSSI in university populations, these settings may offer valuable opportunities for targeted anti-stigma initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:50:06Z","timestamp":1762771806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From prevalent to personal: how social exposure predicts attitudes toward non-suicidal self-injury and what prevalence reveals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rosie","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiva","family":"Daukantait\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1515\/SJPAIN-2020-0187","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of the Swedish version of the injustice experience questionnaire among patients with chronic pain","volume":"21","author":"Ahlqvist Lindqvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Characteristics and consequences of non-suicidal self-injury disclosure. [dissertation]","author":"Ammerman","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2190","article-title":"An examination of disclosure of nonsuicidal self-injury among university students","volume":"24","author":"Armiento","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.17816\/CP196","article-title":"Revisiting social stigma in non-suicidal self-injury: a narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Consort Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.044","article-title":"Mental health problems in college freshmen: prevalence and academic functioning","volume":"225","author":"Bruffaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2012.01169.x","article-title":"Deliberate self-harm behavior among Italian young adults: correlations with clinical and nonclinical dimensions of personality","volume":"82","author":"Cerutti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914544408","article-title":"Gender and emotion expression: a developmental contextual perspective","volume":"7","author":"Chaplin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278713496425","article-title":"Enhancing surveys of health care professionals","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282818","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2017.01946","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Cipriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1928141","article-title":"Associations between social contagion, group conformity characteristics, and non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"71","author":"Conigliaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref12","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214211013775","article-title":"The vicious cycle linking stereotypes and social roles","volume":"30","author":"Eagly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1754","article-title":"Increasing intentions to use mental health services among university students. Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial within the World Health Organization\u2019s world mental health international college student initiative","volume":"28","author":"Ebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"146","article-title":"Peer responses to non-suicidal self-injury: young women speak about the complexity of the support-provider role","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPR.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"42","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.10.007","article-title":"Age of onset of non-suicidal self-injury in Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults: an event history analysis of pooled data","volume":"80","author":"Gandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2018.1536647","article-title":"Peer reactions to non-suicidal self-injury disclosures: a thematic analysis","volume":"33","author":"Gayfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620984483","article-title":"Small effects: the indispensable Foundation for a Cumulative Psychological Science","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6011","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003178","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of non-suicidal self-injury persistence patterns, risk factors, and clinical outcomes during the college period","volume":"53","author":"Kiekens","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002245","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the world mental health international college student (WMH-ICS) initiative","volume":"53","author":"Kiekens","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439317752406","article-title":"Straightlining: overview of measurement, comparison of indicators, and effects in mail\u2013web mixed-mode surveys","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.014","article-title":"Public stigma in health and non-healthcare students: attributions, emotions and willingness to help with adolescent self-harm","volume":"46","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2024.100357","article-title":"Unveiling the impacts of exposure and social proximity to suicidality on help-seeking behavior among the young generation","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM - Mental Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13606","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety symptoms among college students: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00036-6","article-title":"Comparison of Paediatric emergency department visits for attempted suicide, self-harm, and suicidal ideation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Madigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494813500591","article-title":"The symptom checklist-core depression (SCL-CD 6) scale: psychometric properties of a brief six item scale for the assessment of depression","volume":"42","author":"Magnusson Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000363","article-title":"Cultivating contact: how social norms can reduce mental illness stigma in college populations","volume":"8","author":"Manago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stigma Health."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3876-2_19","article-title":"Increasing response rate in web-based\/internet surveys","volume-title":"Handbook of survey methodology for the social sciences","author":"Manzo","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101749","article-title":"Intergroup contact and mental health stigma: a comparative effectiveness Meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Maunder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-07-2021-0089","article-title":"Correlates of disclosure of non-suicidal self-injury amongst Australian university students","volume":"21","author":"Mirichlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.801815","article-title":"Association of Training on attitudes towards self-injuring clients across health professionals","volume":"17","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9450-8","article-title":"Preventing non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: the signs of self-injury program","volume":"39","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2017.1358223","article-title":"Archives of suicide research public perceptions of self-harm: perceived motivations of (and willingness to help in response to) adolescent self-harm public perceptions of self-harm: perceived motivations of (and willingness to help in response to) adolescent self-harm","volume":"22","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/SAH0000199","article-title":"Measuring tolerance toward self-harm: introducing the Lund tolerance toward self-harm scale (LUTOSH)","volume":"5","author":"Nilsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stigma Health"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"9","author":"Nock","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113430","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2020.113430","article-title":"How should we respond to non-suicidal self-injury disclosures?: an examination of perceived reactions to disclosure, depression, and suicide risk","volume":"293","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.06.016","article-title":"Empowering the next generation to end stigma by starting the conversation: Bring change to mind and the college toolbox project","volume":"59","author":"Pescosolido","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13034-020-00343-5\/TABLES\/3","article-title":"The attitudes and feelings of mental health nurses towards adolescents and young adults with nonsuicidal self-injuring behaviors","volume":"14","author":"Pintar Babi\u010d","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-014-0024-3","article-title":"The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Plener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001804","article-title":"Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"46","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2018.1489220","article-title":"Barriers and responses to the disclosure of non-suicidal self-injury: a thematic analysis","volume":"33","author":"Rosenrot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2422833","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.22833","article-title":"Mental health hospitalizations in Canadian children, adolescents, and young adults over the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Roumeliotis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2021.03.054","article-title":"Prevalence and rrisk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"287","author":"Sheldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101907","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPR.2020.101907","article-title":"Examining the disclosure of nonsuicidal self-injury to informal and formal sources: a review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"Simone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070.2022.2144807","article-title":"Understanding experiences of disclosing and receiving disclosures of nonsuicidal self-injury amongst peers in university: a qualitative investigation","volume":"36","author":"Simone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1192\/BJO.2019.4","article-title":"Suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm among university students: prevalence study","volume":"5","author":"Sivertsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref53","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300136","article-title":"Conceptions of mental illness: attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public","volume":"65","author":"Stuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"33","article-title":"An integrative theory of intergroup conflict","volume-title":"The social psychology of intergroup relations","author":"Tajfel","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00298-6","article-title":"Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination","volume":"387","author":"Thornicroft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"14","article-title":"School response to non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"17","author":"Toste","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"463","article-title":"Recent developments in intergroup contact research: affective processes, group status, and contact valence","volume-title":"Intergroup contact theory: Recent developments and future direction","author":"Tropp","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults","volume":"52","author":"Whitlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.529626","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury in a college population: general trends and sex differences","volume":"59","author":"Whitlock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.1.73","article-title":"The extended contact effect: knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice","volume":"73","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652207\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:50:07Z","timestamp":1762771807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652207\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652207","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"article-number":"1652207"}}