{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:18Z","timestamp":1792789638158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to explore the intervention effect of an intervention program based on structured martial arts games on behavioral and motor function disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to provide a novel and effective intervention strategy for ASD children to enhance their rehabilitation outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized controlled trial design was adopted. Fifty-six ASD children were selected from a special education school and randomly divided into an experimental group (28 people) and a control group (28 people). The experimental group received a 24-week structured martial arts game intervention, 3 times a week, 60\u202fmin each time; the control group received traditional rehabilitation training. The autism treatment evaluation checklist, autism behavior checklist, and gross motor function measure were used to evaluate the relevant indicators of the two groups of children before and after the intervention, and SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the intervention, the improvement of the experimental group in language ability, social communication ability, perceptual ability, health behavior and total score was significantly better than that of the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05). The experimental group was significantly better than the control group in sensory ability, social ability, motor ability, language ability, self-care ability and total score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05). The improvement of the experimental group in lying and rolling, sitting, crawling and kneeling, standing, walking, running and jumping, and total score was significantly higher than that of the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The structured martial arts game intervention can effectively improve the behavioral and motor disorders of ASD children. This intervention method is both interesting and structured, and can be used as a new approach for the rehabilitation of ASD children. It is recommended to incorporate it into the regular curricula of special education schools and rehabilitation institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1660040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T05:31:25Z","timestamp":1758864685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The intervention effect of structured martial arts games on behavioral impairments and motor functions in children with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuexiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.18666\/TRJ-2016-V50-I2-7287","article-title":"Using martial arts to address social and behavioral functioning in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"50","author":"Bell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Recreat. J."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2870","article-title":"Multidimensional motor performance in children with autism mostly remains stable with age and predicts social communication delay, language delay, functional delay, and repetitive behavior severity after accounting for intellectual disability or cognitive delay: a SPARK dataset analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2711","article-title":"A further study of relations between motor impairment and social communication, cognitive, language, functional impairments, and repetitive behavior severity in children with ASD using the SPARK study dataset","volume":"15","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"DSM-5\u00ae guidebook: the essential companion to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"Black","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4788-7_164","article-title":"Autistic behavior checklist (ABC) and its applications","volume-title":"Comprehensive guide to autism","author":"Bravo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100279","article-title":"Validity and reliability of two abbreviated versions of the gross motor function measure","volume":"91","author":"Brunton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.59657\/2837-8032.brs.23.006","article-title":"The effect of martial arts on the production of mood regulating neurotransmitters: point of view","volume":"1","author":"da Silva Duarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916315","article-title":"The criterion-related validity of the childhood autism rating scale and the autism behavior checklist","volume":"21","author":"Eaves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2014.19","article-title":"Using augmented reality to help children with autism stay focused","volume":"13","author":"Escobedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"518","article-title":"Reliability and validity test of the Chinese version of the autism treatment evaluation checklist","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sichuan Mental Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-56872008000200007","article-title":"Relations between the autistic behavior checklist (ABC) and the functional communicative profile","volume":"20","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pr\u00f3-Fono Revista de Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0981-3","article-title":"Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Fournier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2012.681340","article-title":"A comparison of the autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) and the childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for the quantitative evaluation of autism","volume":"6","author":"Geier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health Res. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.16.4.p422","article-title":"A review of effect sizes and their confidence intervals, part I: the Cohen\u2019sd family","volume":"14","author":"Goulet-Pelletier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quantitat. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.05.007","article-title":"The gross motor function measure (GMFM)","volume":"63","author":"Harvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132074","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1132074","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193648","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1193648","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise on disordered social communication in individuals with autism Spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399902","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1399902","article-title":"Analyzing the influence of physical exercise interventions on social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: insights from meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Koh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.59400\/apr.v2i1.548","article-title":"Sensory integration disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder\u2014a review study","volume":"2","author":"Krupa-Kotara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.01.006","article-title":"Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-4494.1000123","article-title":"Gross motor performance by children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developping children on TGMD-2","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Behav."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12421","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12421","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying interpersonal coordination: a review of hyperscanning research","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2272-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders\u2014diagnosis and management","volume":"84","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"34","article-title":"Martial arts: mindful exercise to combat stress","volume":"34","author":"Naves-Bittencourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00484","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder versus autism spectrum disorders: terminology, concepts, and clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Oberman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101758","article-title":"Mixed martial arts training improves social skills and lessens problem behaviors in boys with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"83","author":"Phung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2014.21.10.476","article-title":"The effects of sensory integration therapy on verbal expression and engagement in children with autism","volume":"21","author":"Preis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03900.x","article-title":"Functional links between motor and language systems","volume":"21","author":"Pulverm\u00fcller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00957-8","article-title":"Recreational ball games are effective in improving social communication impairments among preschoolers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a multi-arm controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-5290-2","article-title":"Childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and autism behavior checklist (ABC) correspondence and conflicts with DSM-IV criteria in diagnosis of autism","volume":"34","author":"Rellini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t03995-000","article-title":"Autism treatment evaluation checklist","author":"Rimland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/19411243.2017.1304842","article-title":"The associations among motor ability, social-communication skills, and participation in daily life activities in children with low-functioning autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Ther. Sch. Early Interv."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.9.873","article-title":"Improved scaling of the gross motor function measure for children with cerebral palsy: evidence of reliability and validity","volume":"80","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01310-w","article-title":"The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Salari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.09.001","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sowa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00901","article-title":"Balance performance in autism: a brief overview","volume":"9","author":"Stins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.14789\/jmj.2020.66.JMJ19-OA21","article-title":"Effects of coordination exercises on social functioning: evidence from fMRI and social-ability measures","volume":"66","author":"Sudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Juntendo Med. J."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05090-w","article-title":"The effect of tai chi Chuan training on stereotypic behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"52","author":"Tabeshian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05152-z","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise interventions on stereotyped motor behaviours in children with ASD: a meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Teh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.12.002","article-title":"A systematic review of social participation for adults with autism spectrum disorders: support, social functioning, and quality of life","volume":"8","author":"Tobin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027799","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1027799","article-title":"Exercise improves the social and behavioral skills of children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"13","author":"Toscano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02206875","article-title":"A closer look at the autism behavior checklist: discriminant validity and factor structure","volume":"21","author":"Wadden","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01650-8","article-title":"Cortical adaptations in tai chi practitioners during sensory conflict: an EEG-based effective connectivity analysis of postural control","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.14254\/1795-6889.2021.17-2.4","article-title":"Virtual reality immersive environments for motor and cognitive training of elderly people\u2013a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Technol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116074","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise therapy on autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Intervention study on physical games in the rehabilitation training of children with autism Spectrum disorder","author":"Zheng","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1660040\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T05:31:27Z","timestamp":1758864687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1660040\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1660040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1660040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"article-number":"1660040"}}