{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:36:02Z","timestamp":1792852562625,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review aims to analyze the relationship between prescribed and non-prescribed use of psychotropic drugs and the presence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, suicidal ideation, and suicide in the university population without a clinical disorder diagnosis, considering different types of psychotropic drugs (sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids, sleep aids).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was carried out in PubMed\/MEDLINE, the Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL and PsyInfo. Registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023446068). Thirty-four quasi-experimental studies meeting \u226560% MMAT quality were included (assessed using the MMAT) were included. Data extraction considered demographic variables, mental health outcomes, types of psychotropic drugs, and prescription status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings reveal a significant association between both prescribed and non-prescribed psychotropic drug use and symptoms of psychological distress. Non-prescribed use was more strongly linked to anxiety, stress, and depression, whereas prescribed use was more closely related to suicidal ideation and suicide. Antidepressants, anxiolytics, and opioids were most frequently involved. Women and, in several studies, LGBTQ+ students displayed higher prevalence of psychotropic use in relation to distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results emphasize the need for a preventive, contextual, and integral approach to address psychotropic drug use in university settings. Healthy Campus initiatives should reinforce awareness campaigns, promote psychosocial well-being, ensure early detection of psychological distress, and reflect critically on academic structures that may exacerbate emotional difficulties. Further research is needed from an intersectional and multilevel perspective to inform targeted interventions and institutional policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42023446068<\/jats:uri>, identifier (CRD42023446068).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1661844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:21:46Z","timestamp":1760502106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Systematic review of the use of prescription and non-prescription psychotropic drugs and their relation with mental health in university population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Catalina","family":"Espitia-Cepeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Sim\u00f3-Algado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Jos\u00e9","family":"Villanueva-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2017.1360590","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress, risky drinking, and prescription drug misuse in trauma-exposed college students","volume":"22","author":"Aarstad-Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1007141","article-title":"Medical students' attitudes toward sleeping pill usage: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Alasmari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13808","article-title":"Deaths caused by medication in persons not using illicit narcotic drugs: an autopsy study from Western Denmark","volume":"132","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1656635","article-title":"Achievement goal orientation and stimulant misuse in college students","volume":"69","author":"Antshel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_98_22","article-title":"Burnout, stress, and stimulant abuse among medical and dental students in the Western region of Saudi Arabia: an analytical study","volume":"11","author":"Bahlaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.02.025","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation as an explanatory factor in the relation between negative affectivity and non-medical use of opioid in a diverse young adult sample","volume":"95","author":"Bakhshaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00725","article-title":"Use of psychotropic medications and illegal drugs, and related consequences among French pharmacy students \u2013 SCEP study: A nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Balayssac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198115580576","article-title":"The illicit use of prescription stimulants on college campuses: A theory-guided systematic review. Health education & behavior: the official publication of the Society for Public","volume":"42","author":"Bavarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.02.012","article-title":"Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9811-9","article-title":"Intentional misuse of over-the-counter medications, mental health, and polysubstance use in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Benotsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1318146","article-title":"Symptoms of depression and ADHD in relation to stimulant medication misuse among college students","volume":"52","author":"Benson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z","article-title":"Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Child. Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"89","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription drugs and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, dietary pattern, and perceived academic load and stress in college students in Puerto Rico","volume":"32","author":"Betancourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"P. R. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105972","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse among adolescents and emerging adults in the United States: A scoping review","volume":"132","author":"Bonar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20170619-04","article-title":"Nursing students' perceived faculty support, stress, and substance misuse","volume":"56","author":"Boulton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1654151","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptomology among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically","volume":"51","author":"Bouvier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9030134","article-title":"Concomitant cannabis misuse and associations with depression, pain and substance misuse among patients prescribed opioids","volume":"9","author":"Bryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031973","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse, illicit drug use, and their potential risk and protective correlates in a Hispanic college student sample","volume":"21","author":"Cabriales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP220209046C","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among medical students in their first and final year of study","volume":"80","author":"\u010cankovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref21","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22114\/ajem.v0i0.268","article-title":"Characteristics of adolescent patients admitted to the emergency department due to attempted suicide by poisoning; a brief report","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.07.002","article-title":"Gender differences in the use of alcohol and prescription drugs in relation to job insecurity. Testing a model of mediating factors","volume":"37","author":"Colell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042620988107","article-title":"Nonprescription stimulant use at a public university: students\u2019 motives, experiences, and guilt","volume":"51","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.07.002","article-title":"Association between prescription opioid misuse and dimensions of suicidality among college students","volume":"287","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5350\/BTDMJB201612104","article-title":"Differences between adolescent and adult cases of suicidal drug intoxication","volume":"12","author":"Dogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y T\u0131p Derg."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.011","article-title":"A systematic review of the motivations for the non-medical use of prescription drugs in young adults","volume":"162","author":"Drazdowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711428740","article-title":"An examination of prescription stimulant misuse and psychological variables among sorority and fraternity college populations","volume":"17","author":"Dussault","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1635955","article-title":"Friends and relatives as sources of prescription opioids for misuse among young adults: the significance of physician source and race\/ethnic differences","volume":"41","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/01639620802049900","article-title":"Academic strain and non-medical use of prescription stimulants among college students","volume":"30","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.078","article-title":"Opioid misuse and mental health in college student populations: A national assessment","volume":"363","author":"Freibott","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.07.004","article-title":"Misuse of prescription stimulant medication in a sample of college students: examining differences between varsity athletes and non-athletes","volume":"51","author":"Gallucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2013.848840","article-title":"Pill popping problems: the non-medical use of stimulant medications in an undergraduate sample","volume":"21","author":"Gallucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Policy."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002010","article-title":"Anhedonia in chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse","volume":"50","author":"Garland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241232321","article-title":"Substance use and its association with mental health among Swiss medical students: A cross-sectional study","volume":"70","author":"Gaume","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.021","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of commonly abused psychoactive prescription drugs in a sample of university students from Lebanon: an opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons","volume":"121","author":"Ghandour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106188","article-title":"Motives matter: cannabis use motives moderate the associations between stress and negative affect","volume":"102","author":"Glodosky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000448","article-title":"Nonmedical use of stimulants is associated with riskier sexual practices and other forms of impulsivity","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.07.007","article-title":"Associations between adolescent chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Groenewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2019.1695141","article-title":"Questions and answers about conducting systematic reviews in sport and exercise psychology","volume":"13","author":"Gunnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221","article-title":"The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education for Information"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in the associations of non-medical use of prescription drugs with depressive and anxiety symptoms among undergraduates in China","volume":"332","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.010","article-title":"The source and diversion of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Hulme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.06.012","article-title":"Health anxiety and the non-medical use of prescription drugs in young adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"50","author":"Jeffers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00277","article-title":"Australian university students' coping strategies and use of pharmaceutical stimulants as cognitive enhancers","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.047","article-title":"Prevalence of drug use among students in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis for 2003-2013","volume":"186","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114777","article-title":"Zolpidem use and risk of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"316","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research,"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1729079","article-title":"Compositional and contextual factors associated with drug overdose deaths in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Kedia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1730851","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with non-medical prescription stimulant use to promote wakefulness in young adults","volume":"70","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107895","article-title":"College students' prescription drug misuse over time and links with their mental health and well-being","volume":"149","author":"Kouros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s y procesos cognitivos (M. Zaplana, Trad.)","author":"Lazarus","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.025","article-title":"Associations between coping and marijuana use in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States","volume":"80","author":"Lee-Winn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0013","article-title":"Risk factors for drug overdose in young people: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.01.020","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription drugs in a national sample of college women","volume":"36","author":"McCauley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40732-017-0235-2","article-title":"A longitudinal behavioral economic analysis of non-medical prescription opioid use among college students","volume":"67","author":"Meshesha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1645175","article-title":"Predicting future academic willingness, intentions, and nonmedical prescription stimulant (NPS) use with the theory of reasoned action and prototype\/willingness model","volume":"54","author":"Molloy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2","article-title":"A comprehensive multivariate model of biopsychosocial factors associated with opioid misuse and use disorder in a 2017\u20132018 United States national survey","volume":"20","author":"Montiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.5","article-title":"A systematic review of risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs among youth in the United States: a social ecological perspective","volume":"76","author":"Nargiso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref55","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117822181880229","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221818802298","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription drugs among medical students and the relationship with illicit drug, tobacco, and alcohol use","volume":"12","author":"Papazisis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3191","article-title":"College students' momentary stress and prescription drug misuse in daily life: testing direct links and the moderating roles of global stress and coping","volume":"39","author":"Papp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042618812398","article-title":"Examining the relationship between strain and the use of nonmedical prescription drugs among college students","volume":"49","author":"Pate","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2016.1140745","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in emerging adulthood: differentiating sex from gender","volume":"24","author":"Peralta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.952446","article-title":"Predicting students' intention to use stimulants for academic performance enhancement","volume":"50","author":"Ponnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2021.01.006","article-title":"Gender differences in the relationship between prescription opioid misuse and depressive symptoms and suicidality among US high school students","volume":"69","author":"Pontes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref9005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.21134\/haaj.v18i2.349","article-title":"Depresi\u00f3n y su relaci\u00f3n con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, el estr\u00e9s acad\u00e9mico y la ideaci\u00f3n suicida en estudiantes universitarios colombianos","volume":"18","author":"Restrepo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health and Addictions\/Salud y Drogas"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-020-00169-8","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and opioid misuse among adults with chronic pain: the role of emotion dysregulation","volume":"44","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468706","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1468706","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription drugs by young men: impact of potentially traumatic events and of social-environmental stressors","volume":"9","author":"Rougemont-B\u00fccking","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2846","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement as response to chronic stress especially when social support is lacking","volume":"35","author":"Sattler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000386","article-title":"Predicting college student prescription stimulant misuse: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment","volume":"29","author":"Schepis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178221820909352","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221820909352","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse: taking a lifespan perspective","volume":"14","author":"Schepis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181a8130d","article-title":"Sources of prescriptions for misuse by adolescents: differences in sex, ethnicity, and severity of misuse in a population-based study","volume":"48","author":"Schepis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.013","article-title":"Prescription tranquilizer\/sedative misuse prevalence and correlates across age cohorts in the US","volume":"87","author":"Schepis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.09.4","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse: sources of controlled medications in adolescents","volume":"58","author":"Schepis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0003","article-title":"Nursing students: medication use, psychoactive substances and health conditions","volume":"73","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"Prescription stimulant misuse and prevention among youth and young adults","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1653315","article-title":"Resilience and psychiatric symptoms as mediators between perceived stress and non-medical use of prescription drugs among college students","volume":"46","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.01.005","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and depressed mood among college students: frequency and routes of administration","volume":"38","author":"Teter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714529816","article-title":"Non-medical prescription stimulant use in graduate students: relationship with academic self-efficacy and psychological variables","volume":"20","author":"Verdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2010.10599163","article-title":"Non-medical prescription drug use among university students","volume":"41","author":"Vidourek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00931-w","article-title":"Relationship between depression and risky alcohol consumption in women: the mediating role of coping styles and age","volume":"12","author":"Villanueva-Blasco","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00962-3","article-title":"Depression, suicidal ideation, and consumption of psychotropic drugs during lockdown by COVID-19 according to gender and age","author":"Villanueva-Blasco","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Heal. Addict."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033","article-title":"The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Votaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref9006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1420507","article-title":"Substance Use, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms Among College Students","volume":"27","author":"Walters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1786095","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse among university students: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Weyandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9020106","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription opioid use among a sample of college students: prevalence and predictors","volume":"9","author":"Weyandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709342212","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students: relationship with psychological variables","volume":"13","author":"Weyandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.01.014","article-title":"Culturally relevant risk and protective factors for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among incarcerated African American men","volume":"93","author":"Wheeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref84","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12149","article-title":"Current state of hypnotic use disorders: results of a survey using the Japanese version of benzodiazepine dependence self-report questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042618774825","article-title":"Correlates of recreation- versus academic-motivated misuse of prescription stimulants","volume":"48","author":"Yomogida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-023-00792-x","article-title":"Methylphenidate use and misuse among medical residents in Israel: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Zahavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0252-4","article-title":"Socio-demographic and substance-related factors associated with mental distress among Wollo university students: institution-based cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Zenebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.008","article-title":"The association between non-medical prescription drug use, depressive symptoms, and suicidality among college students","volume":"37","author":"Zullig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1661844\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:21:48Z","timestamp":1760502108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1661844\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1661844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1661844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"article-number":"1661844"}}