{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:39:18Z","timestamp":1772775558544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dyslexia and dyscalculia frequently co-occur; however, population-based estimates from Spain, remain scarce. This study aims to assess the prevalence of risk for dyslexia (RDyx), risk for dyscalculia (RDC), and their comorbidity (RDyx+RDC) and to evaluate their distributions by gender and socioeconomic status. A total of 691 Spanish students in 5th\u20136th grade were assessed with computerized screening tasks in reading and mathematics. Risk groups were defined using a cut-off of \u22121 SD (16th percentile) within each domain. Prevalence was 8.5% (6.6\u201310.9%) for RDyx, 4.2% (2.8\u20136.0%) for RDC, and 2.0% (1.1\u20133.4%) for RDyx+RDC. Comorbidity exceeded chance expectations and was asymmetrical: 48.3% of children with RDC also presented reading difficulties, while 23.7% of children with RDyx showed concurrent math difficulties. Gender effects were significant for RDC, with girls showing higher odds than boys (OR\u2009=\u20093.16), whereas no significant gender effect was observed for RDyx (OR\u2009=\u20091.56). Socioeconomic status showed a marginal effect in RDyx, but no effects were observed for RDC or comorbidity. These results provide the first population-based prevalence estimates of RDyx, RDC, and their comorbidity in Spanish primary education and underscore the value of risk-based digital screening at the school level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1664437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1761632636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of risk for dyslexia, risk for dyscalculia, and their comorbidity in Spanish primary education: gender difference and socioeconomic status"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Loredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan L.","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Javier","family":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.2.235","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in reading trajectories: the contribution of family, neighborhood, and school contexts","volume":"100","author":"Aikens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12691","article-title":"Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Arnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. 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