{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:30:08Z","timestamp":1787067008838,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childbirth, traditionally viewed as a natural and positive process, can become a traumatic experience when obstetric violence or disrespectful treatment occurs. This type of experience can cause symptoms consistent with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder negatively affecting maternal mental health, bonding with the newborn, and the development of the newborn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze the relationship between perceptions of inadequate treatment during childbirth and the risk of postpartum Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder at 6\u202fmonths in a sample of women assessed 3\u202fmonths after birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational study with six-month follow-up was conducted in 341 women in Spain, initially recruited 3\u202fmonths postpartum. Validated questionnaires were used: Childbirth Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire (perceived abuse or disrespect), Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Family Apgar, and MOS social support survey Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three hundred forty-one women participated, with a mean age of 33.38\u202fyears (SD\u202f=\u202f4.23). 10.9% of the participants were at risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Childbirth Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire dimensions correlated positively with the Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, with \u201cinappropriate treatment by professionals\u201d being the most significant (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.60; 95% CI: 0.53\u20130.67). A greater perception of obstetric violence (Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire\u202f\u2265\u202fP95) significantly increased the likelihood of developing Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (aOR: 48.38; 95%CI: 10.07\u2013232.44). Associations with risk of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder were also observed for instrumental birth (aOR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.53\u201318.28) and previous cesarean section (aOR: 7.54; 95% CI: 1.10\u201351.79). More social support was associated with a lower risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (aOR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.94\u20130.99).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A higher perception of obstetric violence is associated with an increased risk of developing postpartum Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Furthermore, invasive interventions such as instrumental births or previous cesarean sections increase psychological vulnerability. In contrast, social support acts as a protective factor. It is recommended to implement screening tools such as Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire, reinforce training in respectful treatment, and promote humane care models to ensure the physical and emotional safety of women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1712911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:09Z","timestamp":1765862229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perception of obstetric violence and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder at 6\u202fmonths postpartum: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Ortiz-Esquinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla la Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Mazoteras-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla la Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Ciudad Real, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Ja\u00e9n","place":["Ja\u00e9n, Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ballesta-Castillejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla la Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Albacete, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla la Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Ciudad Real, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Hernandez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla la Mancha (IDISCAM)","place":["Toledo, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Ciudad Real, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000129919.00756.9c","article-title":"Delivery as a traumatic event: prevalence, risk factors, and treatment for postnatal posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Ayers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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