{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:40:27Z","timestamp":1792791627014,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005731","name":"Juntendo University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Competitive anxiety is a critical factor that affects athletes\u2019 performance and mental well-being. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) is a widely used multidimensional measure for sport-specific anxiety, but a validated Japanese version has been unavailable. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the SAS-2 and evaluate its reliability and validity among university athletes in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After a standard back-translation process, 640 university athletes (mean age 19.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2009years) completed an online survey containing the Japanese SAS-2 and scales for competitive anxiety (Sport Competition Anxiety Test for Adults; SCAT-A), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; RSES). Reliability was assessed through internal consistency and 2-week test\u2013retest reliability (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009140). Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), while criterion-related validity was established through correlations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Japanese SAS-2 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.91) and good test\u2013retest reliability for the total score (ICC\u2009=\u20090.72). Validity was strongly supported by a high correlation with SCAT-A (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.74) and expected moderate correlations with depressive symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.42) and self-esteem (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.41). The original three-factor structure (somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption) was supported by CFA, with marginal model fit indices (e.g., CFI\u2009=\u20090.884, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.063). Notably, total anxiety scores and all subscale scores were significantly lower among athletes with more years of competitive experience.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Japanese version of SAS-2 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing multidimensional competitive anxiety in university athletes. The availability of this tool fills a critical gap in Japanese sports psychology, offering a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and coaches. It enables a more nuanced understanding of sport-specific anxiety, helping to identify athletes who need support, facilitate targeted interventions, and ultimately promote athlete mental health and well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1713901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:28:04Z","timestamp":1765866484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychometric properties, validation, and reliability of the Japanese version of the sport anxiety scale-2 for university student athletes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Koeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuneyoshi","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Takazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10691371","article-title":"Translation and factor structure of Urdu version of sports anxiety scale-2 (SAS-2): a gender based study among adolesecents","volume":"67","author":"Akram","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xi'an Shiyou Univers."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107328","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress among female student-athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Beisecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"103","article-title":"Norms and factorial invariance of the athletic identity measurement scale","volume":"15","author":"Brewer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad. Athl. J."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"237","article-title":"Athletic identity - Hercules muscles or Achilles heel","volume":"24","author":"Brewer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70001","article-title":"A multidimensional perspective on athletic identity in competitive athletes: associations with sociodemographic and sport-specific variables and psychological symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Claes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0527.22","article-title":"Stress, sport anxiety, neuroticism, and coping in student-athletes: implications for patient mental health","volume":"58","author":"Contreras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.11.3.318","article-title":"Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high-school athletes","volume":"11","author":"Duda","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.3.290","article-title":"Dimensions of achievement-motivation in schoolwork and sport","volume":"84","author":"Duda","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/104132001753226274","article-title":"Relationships among the sport competition anxiety test, the sport anxiety scale, and the collegiate hockey worry scale","volume":"13","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"122","article-title":"A study on the standardization of the Japanese version of the SCAT-A (sport competition anxiety test for adult) -2","volume":"37","author":"Endo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13020033","article-title":"Early athletic identity formation and development: perceptions of elite Gaelic athletes","volume":"13","author":"Geary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"91","article-title":"Relationships between athletic identity and sport commitment linked to sport involvement","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICSSPE Bullet."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2018.03223","article-title":"Relationships between athletic identity and the two dimensions of sport commitment of Japanese student athletes","volume":"2018","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2_183","DOI":"10.5997\/sposun.30.2_183","article-title":"Development of a Japanese version of the academic and athletic identity scale","volume":"30","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Sports Ind."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294116685868","article-title":"A multisample analysis of psychometric properties for the Malaysian adapted sport anxiety Scale-2 among youth athletes","volume":"120","author":"Hashim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.08.001","article-title":"Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and PHQ-2 in general internal medicine primary care at a Japanese rural hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Inagaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"80","article-title":"A cross-cultural analysis of goal orientation in American and Japanese physical education students","volume":"34","author":"Isogai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.226","article-title":"The relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in elite athletes","volume":"30","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001050","article-title":"Back-translation practices in organizational research: avoiding loss in translation","volume":"108","author":"Klotz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607800","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.607800","article-title":"Risk and protective factors of generalized anxiety disorder of elite collegiate athletes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.18.4.392","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161842","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1161842","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the sport anxiety Scale-2 for Chinese adolescent athletes taking the National Sports College Entrance Examination","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.26582\/k.48.1.14","article-title":"Task and ego goal orientations in competitive sport: a quantitative review of the literature from 1989 to 2016","volume":"48","author":"Lochbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Competitive anxiety in sport","author":"Martens","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2025.2466415","article-title":"Non-modifiable and modifiable factors affecting anxiety and depressive symptoms in young athletes","volume":"53","author":"Mesquita Vieira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.11.004","article-title":"A Japanese version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: translation and equivalence assessment","volume":"62","author":"Mimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063251","article-title":"Task and Ego orientation in sport questionnaire (TEOSQ): psychometric properties in its digital version","volume":"19","author":"Morales-Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.101.3.952-960","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire, Japanese version: validity according to the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview-plus","volume":"101","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00132","article-title":"The developmental trajectory of self-esteem across the life span in Japan: age differences in scores on the Rosenberg self-esteem scale from adolescence to old age","volume":"8","author":"Ogihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep.62.273","article-title":"Age and survey-year effects on self-esteem in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Oshio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"490","article-title":"Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes","volume":"18","author":"Pluhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.18.1.64","article-title":"The effect of group cohesion on competitive state anxiety","volume":"18","author":"Prapavessis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.13189\/saj.2021.090645","article-title":"Psychometric properties at Indonesian version of the sport anxiety Scale-2: testing on elite athletes of Papua, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Mov. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2014.263","article-title":"Exploring the factorial structure of the sport anxiety Scale-2: invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport","volume":"27","author":"Ramis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20146429","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the polish version of the sports anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2)","volume":"20","author":"Rawat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2023.06.002","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in athletes","volume":"43","author":"Reardon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","article-title":"Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)","volume":"53","author":"Reardon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2","article-title":"The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136","volume-title":"Society and the adolescent self-image","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2015.1041545","article-title":"The individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model (1978\u20132014): historical overview of its development and use","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231198537","article-title":"Anxiety and depression prevalence in incoming division I collegiate athletes from 2017 to 2021","volume":"16","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00806","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the sport anxiety Scale-2","volume":"10","author":"Silva-Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0027","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of the sport anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) for the Brazilian context","volume":"39","author":"Silva-Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.28.4.479","article-title":"Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: the sport anxiety Scale-2","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient health questionnaire","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220043029","article-title":"Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study","volume":"272","author":"Spitzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16418-6","article-title":"Validation of sport anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport","volume":"12","author":"Tomczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590559","article-title":"Mental health measurement in a post Covid-19 world: psychometric properties and invariance of the DASS-21 in athletes and non-athletes","volume":"11","author":"Vaughan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/08917779008248732","article-title":"Advancements in competitive anxiety research: use of the sport competition anxiety test and the competitive state anxiety inventory-2","volume":"2","author":"Vealey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anxiety Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.95.3f.1179","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis of the sport orientation questionnaire and the task and Ego orientation in sport questionnaire in a Japanese sport setting","volume":"95","author":"Wakayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021211","article-title":"An examination of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in collegiate student-athletes","volume":"20","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400094","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1400094","article-title":"Sport anxiety and subjective happiness of college athletes: a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260253","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1260253","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of sport anxiety Scale-2","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1713901\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T06:28:07Z","timestamp":1765866487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1713901\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1713901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1713901","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1713901"}}