{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:31:23Z","timestamp":1787725883099,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant psychological response of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. This review synthesizes evidence on the psychological, socioemotional, and biomedical determinants of cancer-related PTSD, emphasizing how these factors interact across the disease trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a narrative integrative review of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Eligible studies included articles published between 2015 and March 2025 reporting adults with cancer assessed for PTSD using validated instruments across different study designs. Based on findings on prevalence, predictors, and assessment tools a biopsychosocial model was structured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria, mainly from the United States and China, with breast cancer as the most frequently studied diagnosis. Reported PTSD prevalence ranged widely, from 0 to 72.5%, depending on the instruments and cutoffs used. Psychological determinants included affective comorbidities, fear of recurrence, maladaptive coping, and prior psychiatric history. Socioemotional determinants involved social support, communication quality, demographic variables, and cultural factors. Medical-biological determinants related to treatment aggressiveness, symptom burden, disease stage, and inflammation. Younger age, female sex, and limited social support consistently elevated risk. PTSD was associated with lower quality of life, reduced adherence to treatment, and poorer survivorship outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer-related PTSD reflects the continuous interaction of psychological, socio-emotional, and medical-biological factors across the cancer journey. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive assessment tools and for adapting interventions to the specific demands of each phase of care. Increasing trauma-informed awareness among multidisciplinary teams can enhance early identification of at-risk patients and support patient-centered care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1719291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T06:42:25Z","timestamp":1767681745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cancer as trauma: multidimensional determinants of PTSD across the disease course. A narrative integrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cittim B.","family":"Palomares-Palomares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rios-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Manuel","family":"Hernandez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Llamas-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Lara-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Alvarez-Ray\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjust","family":"Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3654","article-title":"A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"24","author":"Abbey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-05206-0","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms and social constraints in the communication with family caregivers among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors","volume":"28","author":"Acquati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000001349","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors, and the role of social support in posttraumatic stress disorder among cancer patients in Oman","volume":"48","author":"Al Amri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065238","article-title":"To predict, prevent, and manage post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a review of pathophysiology, treatment, and biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Al Jowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3202-6","article-title":"Breast cancer survivors suffer from persistent postmastectomy pain syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder (ORTHUS study): a study of the palliative care working committee of the Turkish oncology group (TOG)","volume":"24","author":"Alkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-017-0660-x","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress-related psychological functioning in adult survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"DSM 5-diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70047","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70047","article-title":"A systematic review of cancer-related trauma and growth in caregivers across the lifespan","volume":"34","author":"Benedict","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894221088180","article-title":"Health and well-being needs among head and neck Cancer caregivers - a systematic review","volume":"132","author":"Benyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851078","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1851078","article-title":"Self-reported PTSD symptoms and social support in U.S. military service members and veterans: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Blais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32934","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and breast cancer: risk factors and the role of inflammation and endocrine function","volume":"126","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93008-2","article-title":"Resilience as a mediator of quality of life in cancer patients in healthcare services","volume":"15","author":"Caldiroli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30980","article-title":"Course and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in a cohort of psychologically distressed patients with cancer: a 4-year follow-up study","volume":"124","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i25.5870","article-title":"Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among young and middle-aged cancer patients in the intensive care unit: a case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-020-00165-y","article-title":"Social constraints and PTSD among Chinese American breast cancer survivors: not all kinds of social support provide relief","volume":"44","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30014-7","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer","volume":"4","author":"Cordova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-22-881","article-title":"Development and validation of a risk prediction model for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients with acute myocardial infarction in China","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Palliative Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0507-0","article-title":"Quality of life and level of post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma patients: a comparative study between a regional and a university hospital","volume":"26","author":"Danielsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5209\/psic.94817","article-title":"Stress and post-traumatic growth of people with cancer: identification of associated factors","volume":"21","author":"De Freitas Melo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psicooncolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3961","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms in long-term disease-free cancer survivors and their family caregivers","volume":"10","author":"De Padova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675071","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2021.675071","article-title":"Development of a methodological quality criteria list for observational studies: the observational study quality evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Drukker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Res. Metr. Anal."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29818","article-title":"Quality of life and mood predict posttraumatic stress disorder after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"122","author":"El-Jawahri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","article-title":"The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine","volume":"196","author":"Engel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-016-0579-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology in the course of allogeneic HSCT: a prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Esser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2018.02.011","article-title":"Cardiac-disease-induced PTSD and fear of illness progression: capturing the unique nature of disease-related PTSD","volume":"53","author":"Fait","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199345","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2199345","article-title":"Maternal anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after natural disasters: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Futterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2024.2417646","article-title":"Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and fear of progression in stroke patients: the mediating role of perceived social support and coping styles","volume":"32","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13030","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of perceived locus of control on post-traumatic stress disorder among disaster survivors: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Guzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3623","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer survivors: relationship to the impact of cancer scale and other associated risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2022.102647","article-title":"Benchmarking quality of life to posttraumatic stress disorder symptom changes in cognitive processing therapy","volume":"93","author":"Hamrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102143","article-title":"Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: future directions for research and treatment","volume":"93","author":"Heim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02558-w","article-title":"Neuroimaging of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults and youth: progress over the last decade on three leading questions of the field","volume":"29","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70230","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70230","article-title":"The implementation of the biopsychosocial model: individuals with alcohol use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"15","author":"Hinostroza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20753","article-title":"The cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-5","volume":"28","author":"Hinton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03112-3","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorders in patients with low-grade glioma and its association with survival","volume":"142","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.11.033","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer survivors: a population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.02.007","article-title":"On top of that all, now Covid-19, too. A scoping review of specificities and correlates of fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer patients during COVID-19","volume":"62","author":"Kallay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-7358(01)00118-0","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer. A conceptual and empirical review","volume":"22","author":"Kangas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.04.004","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and cancer: findings from a cross-sectional nationally representative sample","volume":"65","author":"Kaster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt227","article-title":"Cultural concepts of distress and psychiatric disorders: literature review and research recommendations for global mental health epidemiology","volume":"43","author":"Kohrt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4295","article-title":"Cancer-and-treatment-specific distress and its impact on posttraumatic stress in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)","volume":"26","author":"Kuba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13662","article-title":"Risk factors of post-traumatic stress symptoms in patients with cancer","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03432-7","article-title":"Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.805","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms in paediatric cancer survivors and their family nucleus: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"10","author":"Low","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJPsych. Open"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.07.007","article-title":"Risk factors for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors","volume":"32","author":"Mak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-022-01195-y","article-title":"Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress, depression, and fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors: a latent class analysis","volume":"17","author":"Malgaroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071794","article-title":"The psychological distress of Cancer patients following the COVID-19 pandemic first lockdown: results from a large French survey","volume":"14","author":"Marino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/traumacare4010008","article-title":"Quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of posttraumatic anhedonia and depressive symptoms in a treatment-seeking community sample","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.6227","article-title":"Correlates of posttraumatic stress in cancer patients and their family caregivers across two years following diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4146-9","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress in head and neck cancer survivors and their partners","volume":"26","author":"Moschopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12412","article-title":"Predictors of positive and negative post-traumatic psychological outcomes in a sample of Iranian cancer survivors","volume":"25","author":"MoshirPanahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70230","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70230","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions to relieve traumatic stress symptoms in family caregivers of children with Cancer: a scoping review","volume":"34","author":"Nanos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735418807970","article-title":"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated risk factors in patients with lung Cancer: a longitudinal observational study","volume":"17","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31576","article-title":"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among hospitalized patients with cancer","volume":"124","author":"Nipp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0b013e318216047e","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients' fears of recurrence are related to the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"69","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2017.282.107","article-title":"The \"biopsychosocial model\": 40 years of application in psychiatry","volume":"28","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-017-0452-7","article-title":"Spirituality, distress and posttraumatic growth in breast cancer patients","volume":"57","author":"Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Relig. Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852918001621","article-title":"Emotional distress, brain functioning, and biobehavioral processes in cancer patients: a neuroimaging review and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-3960-2","article-title":"Coping strategies predict post-traumatic stress in patients with head and neck cancer","volume":"273","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorrinolaringol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-05168-3","article-title":"Health-related quality of life, emotional burden, and neurocognitive function in the first generation of metastatic melanoma survivors treated with pembrolizumab: a longitudinal pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Rogiers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2023.102675","article-title":"Understanding veteran barriers to specialty outpatient PTSD clinical care","volume":"95","author":"Rozek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70109","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70109","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Algerian Cancer patients: validity of the Arabic DSM-5 PTSD checklist (PCL-5) and associated factors","volume":"34","author":"Sabah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00011","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Schelling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"546","article-title":"A review of PTSD and current treatment strategies","volume":"118","author":"Schrader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.187","article-title":"Prevalence, structure and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Croatian patients following breast Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Simunovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2021.102039","article-title":"Correlates of posttraumatic growth among spouses of newly diagnosed gynecological cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22542","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder after cancer diagnosis in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Swartzman","year":"","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4304","article-title":"The role of social support, family identification, and family constraints in predicting posttraumatic stress after cancer","volume":"26","author":"Swartzman","year":"","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20220520-01","article-title":"Relationship of earthquake exposure, locus of control, coping strategy, and posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent survivors","volume":"60","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5438","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress in breast cancer survivors diagnosed at a young age","volume":"29","author":"Vazquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t02622-000","article-title":"PTSD checklist\u2014civilian version","author":"Weathers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Psychol. Assoc"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0b013e3181bea625","article-title":"Postpsychotic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"197","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432160","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2432160","article-title":"Early biological and psychosocial factors associated with PTSD onset and persistence in youth","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001054","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety-related conditions","volume":"27","author":"Williamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2024.102776","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and associated factors in newly diagnosed breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study","volume":"77","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2023.100221","article-title":"Mediating role of spirituality on the relationships between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among patients with cancer: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26056","article-title":"Psychological, social, and behavioral issues for young adults with cancer","volume":"117","author":"Zebrack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1188\/22.ONF.201-205","article-title":"Anxiety and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in women with breast Cancer","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109788","article-title":"Patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among cancer patients: a latent profile analysis","volume":"125","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92137-y","article-title":"Development and validation of a risk prediction model for post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese breast cancer survivors","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1719291\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T06:42:29Z","timestamp":1767681749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1719291\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1719291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1719291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"article-number":"1719291"}}