{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T17:37:06Z","timestamp":1770313026986,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental rearing behavior has long been recognized as a crucial etiological factor contributing to the vulnerability of psychopathology. Clinical researchers have devoted considerable attention to this subject. In pursuit of this objective, it is vital to have efficient instruments able to assess remembered parental rearing behavior within clinical practice. The aim of this study was to conduct a new psychometric evaluation of the German instrument known as the \u201cFragebogen zum Erinnerten Elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten (FEE),\u201d designed for the assessment of recalled parental rearing behavior. A recently collected representative dataset was used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This questionnaire was psychometrically evaluated in a representative sample of the general population (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2,373) in Germany which included 50.5% women and 49.5% men with a mean age of\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f49.3 (SD\u202f=\u202f17.5, range\u202f=\u202f14\u201395).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fathers were rated higher in rejection and punishment, and mothers were rated higher in emotional warmth with low to medium effect sizes. Men reported higher values of rejection and punishment and lower values of emotional warmth in the father version than women. Living in a city goes along with more rejection and punishment as well as more control and overprotection compared to people from rural areas, but effect sizes were small. Reliability indices were high in the first two scales and acceptable in the scale of control and overprotection. Divergent validity was shown by expected correlations with other health-related variables. The three-dimensional structure of the FEE and the measurement invariance regarding gender and age was confirmed by confirmatory factor analyses. Norm values are presented as percent rank scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FEE represents a dependable and valid tool suitable for use in clinical practice. Our data established a connection between remembered parental rearing behavior, life satisfaction, and interpersonal issues, in accordance with existing literature. We also tackled certain challenges related to the retrospective evaluation of parental rearing behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1561398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:22:19Z","timestamp":1770268939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The assessment of recalled parental rearing: updated psychometric properties and population-based norms of the FEE German version in a representative sample"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Petrowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]},{"name":"Internal Medicine Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","place":["Dresden, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg Michael","family":"Fegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Braehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]},{"name":"Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal","place":["Stendal, Germany"]},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Leipzig","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000783","article-title":"A classification system for teachers\u2019 motivational behaviors recommended in self-determination theory interventions","volume":"115","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1561398\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:22:21Z","timestamp":1770268941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1561398\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1561398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1561398","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"article-number":"1561398"}}