{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:45:29Z","timestamp":1785908729133,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined the longitudinal effects of the\n                      <jats:italic>Empowering Coaching<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2122 program, designed to promote more adaptive motivational climates as created by coaches in grassroots youth football across different countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-eight coaches from four countries (England, France, Spain, and Greece) were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Coaches\u2019 behaviors were assessed at three time points during the season using a validated observational system based on motivational theories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A series of linear and quadratic multilevel models revealed that, compared to the control group, intervention coaches demonstrated a significant reduction in disempowering behaviors (i.e., ego-involving climate) across the season and a temporary increase (assessed 1\u202fmonth post-intervention) in features of an empowering climate (i.e., autonomy support and relatedness support).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight the training program\u2019s short- and long-term impacts and point to the need for continued support to sustain positive coaching practices and reduce the occurrence of negative coaching behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1563931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:54:48Z","timestamp":1785905688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a theory-based coach education program on the objectively assessed motivational climate in grassroots football across four European countries: results from the Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity (PAPA) project"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yannis S.","family":"Tzioumakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Tessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENS, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","place":["Grenoble, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coventry","place":["Coventry, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila","family":"Fabra L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Krommidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Comoutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Keramidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Sarrazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENS, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","place":["Grenoble, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Balaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Digelidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Quested","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios G.","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan L.","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000293","article-title":"Toward an integrative and fine-grained insight in motivating and demotivating teaching styles: the merits of a circumplex approach","volume":"111","author":"Aelterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2013-0229","article-title":"Fostering a need-supportive teaching style: intervention effects on physical education teachers\u2019 beliefs and teaching behaviors","volume":"36","author":"Aelterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.10.2-3.365","article-title":"Club and players\u2019 pressures on the motivation, vitality and stress of development coaches","volume":"10","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043044","article-title":"Task-involving motivational climate and enjoyment in youth male football athletes: the mediation role of self-determined motivation","volume":"20","author":"Amaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.84.3.261","article-title":"Classrooms: goals, structures, and student motivation","volume":"84","author":"Ames","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.32.2.193","article-title":"The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: development and initial validation of a psychometric scale","volume":"32","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2024-0128","article-title":"Online intervention program based on need-supportive activities to promote physical activity and cognitive functions in physical education","volume":"1","author":"Behzadnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.02.007","article-title":"Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: a field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic games","volume":"19","author":"Cheon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.34.3.365","article-title":"Experimentally based, longitudinally designed, teacher-focused intervention to help physical education teachers be more autonomy supportive toward their students","volume":"34","author":"Cheon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034399","article-title":"Does observed controlling teaching behavior relate to students\u2019 motivation in physical education?","volume":"106","author":"De Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise","author":"Duda","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839415","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue on the PAPA project","volume":"11","author":"Duda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803634-1.00017-0","volume-title":"Sport and Exercise Psychology Research: From Theory to Practice","author":"Duda","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492595878.ch-009","volume-title":"Social Psychology in Sport","author":"Duda","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718257900.ch-010","volume-title":"Social Psychology in Sport","author":"Duda","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839413","article-title":"Promoting adolescent health through an intervention aimed at improving the quality of their participation in physical activity (PAPA): background to the project and main trial protocol","volume":"11","author":"Duda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.25115\/ecp.v17i36.10087","article-title":"Effect of teaching style on academic self-concept in Mexican university students of physical education: multiple mediation of basic psychological needs and motivation","volume":"17","author":"Espinoza-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Espiral Cuad. Prof."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/1041320100377635","article-title":"Exploring the contribution of the caring climate to the youth sport experience","volume":"22","author":"Fry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2004.10609163","article-title":"A longitudinal perspective of the relationship between perceived motivational climate, goal orientations, and strategy use","volume":"75","author":"Gano-Overway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461630","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1461630","article-title":"A motivational training program for secondary physical education teachers based on the circumplex model: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cazorla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2013.12.001","article-title":"Teachers' motivation to participate in training and to implement innovations","volume":"39","author":"Gorozidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.22.1.109","article-title":"Developmental consulting in a professional football academy: the 5Cs coaching efficacy program","volume":"22","author":"Harwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS","author":"Heck","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019682","article-title":"Engaging students in learning activities: it is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure","volume":"102","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14040064","article-title":"A systematic review with a meta-analysis of the motivational climate and hedonic well-being constructs: the importance of the athlete level","volume":"14","author":"Lochbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000140374","article-title":"The coach\u2013athlete relationship: a motivational model","volume":"21","author":"Mageau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2022.2031252","article-title":"Autonomy support in sport and exercise settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mossman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195399820.013.0012","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of human Motivation","author":"Murayama","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/026404100365018","article-title":"Examination of the psychometric properties of the perceived motivational climate in sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes","volume":"18","author":"Newton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"The Competitive Ethos and Democratic Education","author":"Nicholls","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2009.09.002","article-title":"A practical guide to multilevel modeling","volume":"48","author":"Peugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520903028990","article-title":"Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive","volume":"44","author":"Reeve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2005.06.002","article-title":"Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: a longitudinal perspective","volume":"7","author":"Reinboth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1348\/000709908X304398","article-title":"The synergistic relationship of perceived autonomy support and structure in the prediction of self-regulated learning","volume":"79","author":"Sierens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001","volume-title":"Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence","author":"Singer","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Agency, Motivation, and the Life Course: The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation","author":"Skinner","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2015.1132334","article-title":"A review of observational instruments to assess the motivational environment in sport and physical education settings","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1159714","article-title":"Observing the coach-created motivational environment across training and competition in youth sport","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.1.39","article-title":"Effects of a motivational climate intervention for coaches on young athletes' sport performance anxiety","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.11.001","article-title":"The relationship between observed and perceived assessments of the coach-created motivational environment and links to athlete motivation","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2014-0059","article-title":"Development and validation of the multidimensional motivational climate observation system","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.05.005","article-title":"The effect of an intervention to improve newly qualified teachers\u2019 interpersonal style, students motivation and psychological need satisfaction in sport-based physical education","volume":"35","author":"Tessier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2013.831259","article-title":"Comparing the objective motivational climate created by grassroots soccer coaches in England, Greece and France","volume":"11","author":"Tessier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Analyzing Physical Education and Sport Instruction","author":"Van der Mars","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1563931\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:55:03Z","timestamp":1785905703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1563931\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1563931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1563931","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1563931"}}